tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-82364057829754902602024-03-13T01:53:35.675-07:00Valley EconomyA discussion of economic, business, and environmental issues of importance in the Central Valley.Jeffhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10344751623916759400noreply@blogger.comBlogger603125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8236405782975490260.post-81577103669593748752024-02-12T10:45:00.000-08:002024-02-12T10:45:01.265-08:00Income-based Fixed Charge for Electricity? There must be a better way<p><a href="https://www.sacbee.com/news/politics-government/capitol-alert/article285240002.html?ac_cid=DM910908&ac_bid=1000971994">I support the efforts of lawmakers to put the income-based fixed charge proposal on hold.</a></p><p>I understand the objectives, but it seems to me that income-based fixed charges would have very high administrative costs and the potential for a lot of errors and privacy concerns. There are other ways to administer a fixed charge, even a progressive one, if that is necessary and desirable.</p><p>There are lots of people living in households that are not economic units - roommates and extended family who are multiple taxpaying units with multiple income streams who are on the same electric meter. There are also some housing units that are not separately metered within a building. And income varies wildly from year to year and is hard to verify.</p><p>It seems you could accomplish most of the same objective in a much simpler way by <b>having a fixed cost that varies by the size of the housing unit (square footage).</b> While not perfectly correlated with income, variation by size of the unit would still be progressive and much easier to administer. Square footage is stable from year to year and the information is easy to obtain and verify without being personally intrusive. </p><p>Finally, there is an issue of adding more "means tested" programs that phase-out in the same income bands. Too many of these well-intentioned programs, usually developed independently, can create high the equivalent of high "marginal tax rates" and benefit "cliffs" for households that can create negative economic incentives and unfair surprises for households. </p><p>Of course, there is a second issue about whether fixed costs make sense at all. Having a fixed cost on a bill is better aligned with the true cost structure of a utility which includes fixed and variable costs, but recovering all the costs through rates encourage conservation and efficiency from customers. The incentive for conservation may be secondary to the objective of getting people to switch fuel sources and electrify appliances and vehicles. Fixed charges that would normally be bad environmentally, may make more sense in that context.</p>Jeffhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10344751623916759400noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8236405782975490260.post-40957241103807660102023-12-08T12:22:00.000-08:002023-12-08T12:41:23.661-08:00Final Delta Conveyance EIR Released Without Cost Estimate or Benefit-Cost Analysis: A Quick Look At Old DWR Analysis of Single-Tunnel Alternatives Shows This Proposal Is Likely A Bad Deal For SWP Agencies. (and even worse for a State that cares about the environment and non-SWP regions) <p> The Final EIR for Delta Conveyance was released today. I just read the press release summary. Here is my quick take.</p><p>The press release case for the tunnel argues that the project will result in about 500,000 AF in additional water supply for State Water Project agencies once operational. They continue to ignore updated cost estimates, and economic/financial analysis of the project.</p><p>However, in 2018, <a href="https://www.restorethedelta.org/wp-content/uploads/WaterFixEconomicAnalysis_Final.pdf" target="_blank">DWR did analyze the effects of a single-tunnel proposal that would result in 660,000 additional AF,</a> over 30% more water than the current proposal, that was estimated to cost $11 billion in 2017 dollars. While no cost estimate for the current proposal has been released, it is well-known that costs of the current proposal are much, much higher - even after accounting for inflation.</p><p>In 2018, DWR's consultant found that a single-tunnel proposal barely penciled out for SWP agencies (benefit-cost ratio was about 1.2), and the benefit-cost ratio would have been negative if the project yield were the same as the current EIR (a greater than 30% decline in water supply benefits). Thus, it appears the current proposal would not pencil for SWP agencies out even if the costs had not increased at all, but it is well-known that the cost has escalated substantially. </p><p>Is it any wonder that DWR still has no cost estimate or benefit-cost analysis for a project with well-known financial troubles.</p><p>A few additional things to consider when comparing to 2018 single-tunnel analysis:</p><p></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>That analysis only considered benefits and costs to SWP contractors. It was not a comprehensive benefit-cost analysis that incorporates environmental harm or impacts on non-SWP supplied regions of the state like the Delta. The project is bad for SWP agency ratepayers, but it is even worse for the state as a whole.</li><li>Economic and finance will drive operations. Thus, the missing economic analysis is a critical oversight, and the EIR lacks credibility without it.</li><li>State population growth forecasts have plummeted since the earlier analysis, meaning that future demand will be much lower, and the costs will be spread over fewer households which means larger rate increases. </li><li>Projects like this can be good for SWP agency leaders and staff, and provide political value to the Governor, even when they are bad for their ratepayers and citizens. It is one reason why objective benefit-cost analysis is so critical. </li></ul><p></p><p>At some point next year, I may have time to update a comprehensive benefit-cost analysis of this proposal. However, there is plenty of reason to doubt the economic and financial viability of this project based on what we know now. </p><p><br /></p>Jeffhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10344751623916759400noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8236405782975490260.post-24629770861798786172023-08-14T22:03:00.003-07:002023-12-08T12:24:15.516-08:00My Comments on Three Sacramento City Council Members Propose Significant Strengthening Of Rent Control and Tenant Protections<p><span style="font-family: inherit;">Several members of the Sacramento City Council led by Katie Valenzuela, are proposing a substantial increase in rent control and tenant protections in Sacramento. <span style="background-color: white;"> </span></span>It motivated me to quickly write some written comments tonight, which felt like I was blogging again, so I thought I would post my comments here too. <span style="font-family: inherit;">The key elements of the proposal, which they call Sacramento Forward, is summarized as below in the City Council Law and Legislation Committee report. </span></p><blockquote><p>2. Build More Affordable Housing:
a. Establish an inclusionary housing requirement that a percentage of all new units be
affordable to low and very low income households.
</p></blockquote><blockquote><p>3. Stop People from Losing Their Homes:
a. Enact “just cause” eviction protections at 30 days.
b. Require reporting of any evictions to the city.
c. Establish a Right to Counsel for tenants and landlords needing legal support.
d. Reduce the percentage of allowable annual rent increases to align with
wages/income and limit rent increases during tenant turnover, with a process for
hearings to allow exceptions when necessary to cover landlords’ costs. </p></blockquote><blockquote><p>4. Prevent Corporate Purchases of Property:
a. Adopt a “Sacramento Opportunity to Purchase Act” that would require any tenantoccupied building that is listed for sale to be sold to a tenant or eligible community
group if they can meet the initial listing price.
</p></blockquote><blockquote><p>5. Generate More Funding:
a. Pursue a 2024 ballot measure to generate funding to support the acquisition,
construction, and protection of affordable housing units, as well as important
support programs like emergency rent assistance.</p></blockquote><br />(Note: I left out some parts of the proposal that I didn't comment on for brevity. <a href="https://sacramento.granicus.com/MetaViewer.php?meta_id=742532">See the full proposal here.</a>) Below are my comments, which I indicated neutral but probably lean more towards opposed than in favor. (some edits made December 8, 2023)<br /><br /><b>Elements I Support: (numbered as in the proposal)</b><br />4. “Sacramento Opportunity to Purchase Act.” This is a creative and interesting proposal.<br />5. Pursue a 2024 ballot measure for funding. I support this because it places financial support for affordable housing programs on the government's general resources where it belongs, rather than fees and regulations that place the financial burden on market-rate housing which can be counter-productive by reducing the overall supply of housing. While I support putting it on the ballot, I am not sure how I would vote on a local tax ballot measure. I would be more supportive if it were County or region-wide, and not just Sacramento City. I do support the concept of going in this direction for new funding sources.<br /><br /><b>Elements That I Might Support If Revised: With Some Suggested Revisions.</b><br />3.a. “Just Cause” eviction protections at 30 days is too short, suggest 6 months at minimum. There is an unintended consequence here of damaging a market for 1-6 month rentals, often furnished, which serve new residents, travel-nurses and others in housing transitions. This measure will really discourage the production of backyard ADUs, and could limit housing available for traveling health-care professionals and those in housing transition. No evidence is provided for why the current 1 year 1-day rule is failing to protect tenants and needs to be shortened, and changes should be incremental in the absence of such evidence.<br />3.c. “Right to counsel” seems like a potentially costly entitlement, and could might encourage the use of legal actions when there are less costly remedies. I appreciate the need for low-cost or no-cost legal assistance, and perhaps this should be revised to increase funding towards that if current services are inadequate.<br />Financial Considerations – Recommend low or no fees for small landlords: This element suggests that the City will just impose fees (presumably on landlords) to offset the City’s staff costs of implementing the ordinance which would be consistent with other practice. Landlords and property managers will also have significant compliance costs for such a complex ordinance, even before paying the City’s costs with fees. Understanding and complying with these rules is especially difficult for small landlords, and will encourage rental housing to be controlled by large investors or shift small landlords towards large corporate management companies. Thus, I suggest reduced or waived compliance fees for small landlords based on the number of units they own and/or self-manage.<div>3.d.1 Reduce the percentage of allowable annual rent increases from 5%+CPI to annual CPI or wage increases is something I can support IF it does not apply to new tenancies.<br /><br /><b>Elements I Oppose:</b><br />3.d.part 2. While I support rent increase limits one existing tenants, rent should not be controlled for new tenancies, and instead should be allowed to reset at market rates. Limits on rent at new tenancies will encourage landlords to increase rent by the maximum allowable amount on existing tenancies every year, raising costs for those the ordinance is trying to protect from displacement. In addition, rent controls at new tenancy greatly disincentive maintenance, investment and repair of the housing stock, as much maintenance and investment in units occurs when units turnover with landlords motivated by the ability to charge market rent to a new tenant. Landlords are not going to replace old appliances, freshly paint units, replace carpets or do anything more than the bare minimum health and safety repairs if rents are restricted at turnover.<br />2. Inclusionary housing requirements. These policies risk unintended consequences by increasing the cost of market-rate development and thus reducing the overall supply of housing. The Keyser-Marston Associates report cited as support for this proposal does not provide compelling empirical evidence, and they do not cite any of the research on inclusionary zoning policies and the potential negative effects on private development. Inclusionary zoning does have a potential social benefit in that it promotes mixed-income neighborhoods as opposed to concentrated low-income housing, but this social-benefit should be financed more broadly and not through higher market-rate production costs.<br /><br />Finally, I will note that the past few years have seen a tremendous increase in multi-family housing development in the City, and many of these units have yet to hit the market as planning and construction takes years. Given the increase in supply, and clear evidence of rent stabilizing or declining in the past year or two as new supply is starting to come on the market, one might reasonably conclude that current housing policies are starting to work and to be cautious in implementing the more aggressive measures that could discourage new investment.<div><p style="background-color: white; color: #646464; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><br /></p></div></div>Jeffhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10344751623916759400noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8236405782975490260.post-38066057897282498992022-12-15T23:09:00.000-08:002022-12-15T23:09:18.834-08:00Is DWR Lying About The Low-Utilization Operating Plan For The Delta Conveyance Project?The most significant change from the twin-tunnel, three-intake, 9,000cfs capacity WaterFix to the single-tunnel, two-intake, 6,000cfs capacity Delta Conveyance Project (DCP) isn't the number of tunnels, but how they are utilized. <div><br /></div><div>It would seem logical that lowering the capacity of the Delta tunnel(s) would result in the remaining capacity being used more intensively. That was how it worked when DWR briefly switched to a staged, single-tunnel plan for the WaterFix in 2017, as well as other alternatives with lower capacity. </div><div><br /></div><div>Instead,<a href="https://www.deltaconveyanceproject.com/read-the-document" target="_blank"> the draft EIR for the single-tunnel DCP </a>states that the tunnel will be used much less than the WaterFix twin-tunnels. In fact, the operation modeling shows zero diversions through the tunnel most of the time. In the DCP, the tunnel only makes up 13.5% of projected Delta water exports, compared to 50% of total Delta water exports in the WaterFix. <div><br /></div><div>Is this low-utilization rate of the DCP believable? Will the state spend $20 billion on the most expensive water infrastructure project in history and not operate it most of the time (<a href="https://www.abc10.com/article/news/politics/delta-tunnel-public-forum/103-f8a43fbf-ab3a-46d7-8e2a-be8286f329d8">or as Osha Meserve said, why buy a Maserati and only drive 10 miles per hour</a>)? </div><div><br /></div><div>That is indeed the official plan as described in chapter 3 in the EIR, and subsequently used in all the analytical chapters that follow. </div></div><div><br /></div><div>However, the Draft EIR itself contradicts these operations in chapter 2: Purpose and Objectives and in and Appendix 3a where it interprets and elaborates on the purpose to screen out all alternatives. The project objective is to achieve the following 4 purposes in a cost-effective manner.</div><div>1. Climate resiliency</div><div>2. Seismic resiliency</div><div>3. Water Supply for State Water Project</div><div>4. Operational Flexibility</div><div><br /></div><div>The problem is that achieving 3 out of the 4 project purposes, as described in the alternatives analysis in Appendix 3A, require shifting diversions from the south Delta to the north Delta intakes and through the tunnel. In other words, 3/4 of the stated project goals are in conflict with the project description and EIR modeling which focuses exclusively on a low-utilization scenario.</div><div><br /></div><div>Goal 1, Climate resiliency: Appendix 3A states that only tunnel alternatives satisfy climate resiliency because they can divert from the north when the south is too salty. Stunningly, this flat out ignores the water quality commitments and limited north delta diversion in the actual project description. (In Appendix 4A, the EIR models a climate change scenario, and finds that there are actually fewer days on the calendar that the tunnel can be used under climate change. Thus the incremental water supply benefit decreases as climate change accelerates, in contrast to Appendix 3A that assumes higher tunnel use under climate change when screening out other alternatives.)</div><div><br /></div><div>Goal 2, Seismic resiliency: Appendix 3A assumes that if brackish water fills the Delta in a seismic-induced mega-flood, then the north Delta intakes and tunnel will be used intensively in place of the south Delta pumps which would be unavailable for months due to bad water quality. This assumption is inconsistent with the project description which commits to operating the project to support Delta water quality objectives and limits use of the north Delta intakes. The EIR provides no explanation of why the environmental restrictions and water quality objectives in the Delta would be waived in such a scenario where the Delta communities and environment are experiencing an emergency, and it provides no modeling of the environmental impacts of operations in such a case.</div><div><br /></div><div>Goal 4, Operational flexibility: Appendix 3A describes this as a certain kind of flexibility - shifting south Delta diversions to the north Delta. Again, directly in conflict with the project description which does not include such flexibility or any analysis of the environmental impacts of this alternative operating scenario.</div><div><br /></div><div>The final part of the project goal, which is the only one not in the Appendix 3A screening criteria, is to achieve the goals in a cost-effective way. The EIR is completely silent on cost-effectiveness, but this is another goal that would seem to be in conflict with the low-utilization of the tunnel in the project description.</div><div><br /></div><div>So back to my original question: Is DWR being truthful? Will they really keep the north Delta intakes off and the tunnels empty most of the time?</div><div><br /></div><div>The alternatives analysis and how it interprets the project goals show they are not really committed to the low-utilization project description. When this is combined with the lack of economic and financial feasibility analysis, I believe the project description lacks credibility. </div><div><br /></div><div>While it is tempting to rate the EIR project description as "Pants on Fire" on the Truth-o-Meter, I'll keep my rating at "lacks credibility" or "inadequate support" as I am sure there are honest folks who worked on this draft EIR who truly believe in their $20 billion mostly-empty tunnel proposal. </div><div><br /></div><div>In summary, the DCP EIR has many problems, and I have only touched on one of them here. As a result, I believe this single-tunnel proposal will fail like the twin-tunnel proposals that preceded it. </div><div><br /></div>Jeffhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10344751623916759400noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8236405782975490260.post-8085032836167395412022-06-28T23:07:00.001-07:002022-06-28T23:07:37.944-07:00Agricultural Jobs Data for 2021 Show Drought Impacts<p>The best quality jobs data (QCEW) was released earliest this month through the end of 2021, and gives the first reliable data on the state of agricultural employment during 2021, a year impacted by drought and lingering impacts of Covid. The graphs below show employment and wages data over time for all of California in NAICS 11 (Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing and Hunting). Agriculture accounts for 99% of jobs in this industry category in California.</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgMjGRlSLq0sZlHqp5SSYdRBxY6PW8oQlW9m-Mc1mpi6G-3IMA_naRYb2raMTTLzOm3JGR1RVON7yK6rGyQ63lE84zF-EGWHOwpfro6-ssL0NXSMXqRBRJsjyipCiSDkMTEp2lBg1FwayYZT5Dl_-QFxwdKBqSwfYWfUTCg3I56WjIQd2BLyw2zt6tFpw/s2873/ag%20jobs%202022%20bar%20graph.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1998" data-original-width="2873" height="446" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgMjGRlSLq0sZlHqp5SSYdRBxY6PW8oQlW9m-Mc1mpi6G-3IMA_naRYb2raMTTLzOm3JGR1RVON7yK6rGyQ63lE84zF-EGWHOwpfro6-ssL0NXSMXqRBRJsjyipCiSDkMTEp2lBg1FwayYZT5Dl_-QFxwdKBqSwfYWfUTCg3I56WjIQd2BLyw2zt6tFpw/w640-h446/ag%20jobs%202022%20bar%20graph.png" width="640" /></a></div><br /><p>As you can see on the graph, jobs had steadied near 423,000 in the years prior to Covid, and then declined by about 15,000 during the first year of the pandemic. In 2021, Covid impacts on the farm labor were lower, but drought impacts likely prevented recovery.</p><p>While I say this is the first reliable data, UC-Merced (in partnership with others) released a projection in February 2022 that the drought eliminated 8,744 jobs in California agriculture compared to what they would expect in non-drought conditions. Their estimates suggest 2021 employment would have been just under 420,000 in the absence of drought. That seems pretty accurate to me and I am happy to see that this modeling of drought impacts seems to be much better than what UC was producing a decade or so ago. </p><p>Overall, this is just over a 2% decline in employment relative to non-drought conditions. While drought employment declines grab the headlines, the more impactful story in the ag jobs data is the continued strong growth in wages. Average wages in the agriculture industry in California increased again in 2021, and have risen about 60% over the past decade (not adjusted for inflation) after years of stagnation. While it is still the lowest-paying sector in California, this wage growth is significant and has benefited thousands. </p><p>What will 2022 bring? The drought continues, and the impacts of the pandemic and less abundant and more expensive labor are also continuing to some degree. Thus, a recovery is unlikely this year.</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p>Jeffhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10344751623916759400noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8236405782975490260.post-63558677530415063312022-05-02T19:02:00.003-07:002023-08-14T22:18:03.956-07:00Stanford scientists find that the Delta Conveyance Project is a much worse idea than converting Diablo Canyon into a giant nuclear-powered desalination plant.<p> </p><p>A recent study from Stanford scientists has caused some policy makers, including Governor Newsom, to reconsider the timeline for closing the Diablo Canyon nuclear power plant, California's last operating nuclear plant.</p><p><a href="https://energy.stanford.edu/sites/g/files/sbiybj9971/f/diablocanyonnuclearplant_report_11.19.21.pdf" target="_blank">https://energy.stanford.edu/sites/g/files/sbiybj9971/f/diablocanyonnuclearplant_report_11.19.21.pdf</a></p><p>Among the future visions for Diablo Canyon plant evaluated in the study was using it as a mega-scale desalination facility. Mega-scale nuclear-powered desalination! I can see my environmentalist friends recoiling in horror at the idea. I am not persuaded it is a good idea either, but the Stanford team clearly demonstrated that it is far from the worst idea in California water.</p><p>Here is the second highlighted finding in the Executive Summary</p><p></p><blockquote>Using Diablo Canyon as a power source for desalination could substantially augment fresh
water supplies to the state as a whole and to critically overdrafted basins regions such as the
Central Valley, producing fresh water volumes equal to or substantially exceeding those of the
proposed Delta Conveyance Project—but at significantly lower investment cost </blockquote><p></p><p>Here are some quotes from the desalination chapter,</p><p></p><blockquote>One of the intermediate sized Diablo Canyon-powered desalination options would produce
significantly more fresh water than the highest estimate of the net yield from the proposed Delta
Conveyance Project at less than half of the investment cost.</blockquote><p></p><p></p><blockquote>It is
also notable that the projected capital cost of the Delta Conveyance Project, at $15.9 Billion, is more
than twice the capital cost of the Diablo Canyon Desalination Option 2, discussed below, which, at a
capital cost of approximately $6.5 Billion, yields up to seven times the amount as the DCP. </blockquote><p></p><p>This comparison really caught my attention because pre-Covid I had given one or two talks on the Delta Conveyance Project where I started by comparing the State Water Project and Diablo Canyon Nuclear Power Plant with a series of multiple-choice questions. The gist was if it is reasonable to close Diablo Canyon, then it should also consider closing the State Water Project since it has a worse safety record, similar share of statewide importance (5-6% of electricity and water supply respectively), lower economic value and tremendous costs to keep in service, not to mention environmental harm.</p>Jeffhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10344751623916759400noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8236405782975490260.post-56079295982058706872021-06-03T12:23:00.005-07:002021-06-15T15:25:52.062-07:002020 data shows Covid impacts on agricultural jobsThe best quality jobs data (QCEW) was released yesterday through the end of 2020, and gives a first reliable look at the state of agricultural employment during the 2020 pandemic year. The graphs below show employment and wages data over time for all of California in NAICS 11 (Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing and Hunting). Agriculture accounts for 99% of jobs in this industry category in California.
<div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3qHUyrc49jzWaDtx4BuDvV6tm65dSj086UftALBecMV6TgZGJHjAhyphenhyphenAIktbs70fE5bcrxqdtTQ-uCAlvMYO0Drmjmn2O9hjh34k-i66jgxC7Nzo2S9aDtNVMQEQTOkYZBT8yKNaVZ00gn/s2048/2020+ag+jobs.png" style="display: block; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="1408" data-original-width="2048" height="440" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3qHUyrc49jzWaDtx4BuDvV6tm65dSj086UftALBecMV6TgZGJHjAhyphenhyphenAIktbs70fE5bcrxqdtTQ-uCAlvMYO0Drmjmn2O9hjh34k-i66jgxC7Nzo2S9aDtNVMQEQTOkYZBT8yKNaVZ00gn/w640-h440/2020+ag+jobs.png" width="640" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3qHUyrc49jzWaDtx4BuDvV6tm65dSj086UftALBecMV6TgZGJHjAhyphenhyphenAIktbs70fE5bcrxqdtTQ-uCAlvMYO0Drmjmn2O9hjh34k-i66jgxC7Nzo2S9aDtNVMQEQTOkYZBT8yKNaVZ00gn/s2048/2020+ag+jobs.png" style="display: block; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: left;"><br /></a></div>
As shown above, 2020 resulted in the biggest decline in agriculture employment since the drought year of 2009 (the graph also shows how ag jobs did not decline during the last drought). While an essential sector, agriculture jobs did not expand like employment in grocery stores and e-commerce fulfillment. One cause of the decline may have been worker health - Covid hit ag workers and communities hard. Reductions in immigration and crop shifts may have also played a role (for example demand for labor intensive speciality crops and fresh produce may have declined as much of the restaurant sector shut down).
We are now well into a drought year and there will inevitably be questions about the impact on farm jobs. It will be even harder to discern the impacts this year as Covid has distorted what had become a pretty level baseline and is also continuing to impact labor markets into 2021.
Even more important than the number of jobs, the new data release provides solid data on agricultural wages. Ag worker wages continued strong gains in 2020, both in the aggregate and as an average. The average wage gain is particularly impressive - increasing $60 per week on average in 2020 compared to 2019, and up $200 per week since 2014. Overall, this is a very positive trend for the Valley economy. Total wages paid in this industry was $16.1 billion in 2020, up from $15.3 billion in 2019 and $10 billion in 2011. In general, Covid effects on agricultural labor look similar to the economy in general - jobs down but average wages up.
<div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjd-m53rLuscd_ajFHZ-zj2oVeth6FQGZhF63VJNhuyoAH3WvhJ39wGhV1LHObCogwVLWpTp66soNuyTlGp-0vUn_W9jRopGTaQgge4O0e4TPempC9nObTxp3oth6tvJkoEJ2kvA8ba64v8/s2048/avg+Weekly+wage+ag+jobs.png" style="display: block; padding: 1em 0; text-align: center; "><img alt="" border="0" width="600" data-original-height="1226" data-original-width="2048" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjd-m53rLuscd_ajFHZ-zj2oVeth6FQGZhF63VJNhuyoAH3WvhJ39wGhV1LHObCogwVLWpTp66soNuyTlGp-0vUn_W9jRopGTaQgge4O0e4TPempC9nObTxp3oth6tvJkoEJ2kvA8ba64v8/s600/avg+Weekly+wage+ag+jobs.png"/></a></div>Jeffhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10344751623916759400noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8236405782975490260.post-32393338234606635802020-08-24T12:20:00.000-07:002020-08-24T12:20:37.183-07:00New $15.9 bil. Delta tunnel cost estimate: Revisiting DWR's 2018 single-tunnel economic analysis with updated costs shows it is a bad investment for water agencies.<p><a href="https://www.sacbee.com/news/local/environment/article245150370.html" target="_blank">As reported in the Sacramento Bee</a>, the cost of a single-tunnel Delta conveyance is now estimated at $15.9 billion. <a href="https://www.restorethedelta.org/wp-content/uploads/WaterFixEconomicAnalysis_Final.pdf" target="_blank">In a previous 2018 analysis to support a short-lived proposal to stage the twin-tunnel WaterFix proposal</a>, DWR estimated the single-tunnel 1st stage of WaterFix at $11.1 billion in 2017 dollars, which is equivalent to $11.7 billion in 2020 dollars. This is a 35% increase in constant dollars, and should lead the Governor and the dwindling number of water agencies that still support the single-tunnel delta conveyance facility (DCF) to reevaluate the investment.</p><p>That 2018 analysis wildly overstated the economic benefits of a single-tunnel to participating water agencies, but for now let's accept their estimate of benefits. The image below shows the results of that analysis (Table 5, with no federal subsidy).</p><p><span style="font-size: small;"><img height="186" 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" width="640" /></span></p><p>Simply updating the costs to this latest estimate ($15.9 billion in 2020 dollars is equivalent to $15 billion in the 2017$) reduces the benefit-cost ratio for SWP urban agencies from 1.23 to 0.92, and for agricultural agencies from 1.17 to 0.87 in the trading scenario.</p><p>That's a bad investment, but it is actually much worse than that. The 2018 analysis assumed the project would be operational in 13 years, whereas the new cost estimates a 20 year delivery period. I didn't incorporate the extra 7 year wait for benefits in the above recalculations of the b-c ratio, but it would make it even lower.</p><p>At some point, we might see a revised economic analysis that manufactures new benefits to magically get the benefit-cost ratio over 1. <a href="https://valleyecon.blogspot.com/2018/09/new-waterfix-economic-analysis-is-even.html" target="_blank">Readers of this blog know that DWR and MWD already have an established track record of inventing new benefits as new information reveals the delta tunnel(s) to be a worse and worse investment.</a> </p><p>P.S. Thanks to Restore the Delta for archiving the 2018 analysis online for the public record. DWR has wiped their previous links, and I couldn't find a saved copy in my files. </p>Jeffhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10344751623916759400noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8236405782975490260.post-1194041069076014582020-08-23T16:52:00.005-07:002021-10-19T08:52:21.317-07:00Water Blueprint proposes a valley wide sales tax to fund their irrigation water plan. Is it equitable? Is it feasible?<p> Earlier this month, CSU-Fresno hosted <a href="http://www.californiawater.org/funding-water-infrastructure-in-the-san-joaquin-valley/" target="_blank">the event "Funding Water Infrastructure in the San Joaquin Valley."</a> The vast majority of the event was focused on the so-called "Water Blueprint for the San Joaquin Valley," a high profile new investment plan for irrigation water.</p><p>At the event, the Blueprint rolled out <a href="http://www.californiawater.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/D21040Esqueda.pdf" target="_blank">a proposed funding plan - the centerpiece of which is a proposed 0.5% special sales tax in the 8 counties of the San Joaquin Valley.</a> While the sales tax would provide the vast majority of funding for the Blueprint's multi-billion investment strategy, the funding plan also includes a modest $4 per acre foot charge on water users and hoped for matching funds from the state and federal government. In most years, the Blueprint projects the sales tax would generate 7 times more revenue than water user fees. </p><p>The sales tax is a bold new idea in water finance, but not a good one as proposed. It is inequitable across geography and income. It probably isn't politically feasible either, despite the optimistic spin from a new poll presented at the event. Below, I briefly discuss these issues and suggest some changes to the Water Blueprint to improve the equity and political prospects of their proposal.</p><h4 style="text-align: left;"><b>Geographical Inequity - Taxes North San Joaquin Valley Counties Without Benefit</b></h4><p>The tax is proposed for 8 counties, although <a href="http://www.californiawater.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/D11110Hamilton.pdf" target="_blank">the Blueprint plan only provides benefits to 5 counties from Madera south to Kern.</a> The proposal would get 1/3 of its revenue from the North San Joaquin Valley counties while providing zero benefits to them - and potentially harm San Joaquin County's Delta region.</p><p>The Blueprint can correct this problem by dropping the 3 northern counties from their proposal, and leaders in the North San Joaquin Valley should demand that they do so.</p><p>I have argued for years that San Joaquin, Stanislaus, and Merced counties are ill-served by the 8-county region often used in state planning efforts. The Blueprint, which has gained some influence with state leaders, is an excellent example of this problem.</p><h4 style="text-align: left;">Geographical Inequity - Benefits Wealthy Out-of-Valley Landowners </h4><div>In a previous post, I have pointed out that the biggest beneficiaries of the Blueprint agenda are farm owners, not poor farmworkers as much of the Blueprint PR claims. Many of those farm owners, <a href="https://www.forbes.com/profile/stewart-and-lynda-resnick/#2a4aae687725" target="_blank">especially the wealthiest ones, live in wealthy communities far from the Valley.</a> These individuals can afford to pay for their own water infrastructure, and certainly shouldn't be subsidized by a sales tax imposed on the Valley's cash-strapped households.</div><div><br /></div><div>The Blueprint can fix this adjusting their financial plan such that user fees are charged at full cost. The sales tax revenue would be used to provide water rate assistance to water users who live within 50 miles of their farm. Income and acreage limits on the recipients of the sales tax funded water rate assistance should also be considered.</div><h4 style="text-align: left;">Inequity Across Industries - Agriculture Is Exempt From Sales Tax, But Other Industries Pay</h4><div>There are many exemptions to sales tax, most notably to services and food. Farming inputs and supplies are also exempt from sales tax, whereas most non-agricultural businesses in the Valley pay sales taxes. It is bold for the Blueprint to propose a special sales tax benefit for an industry that already has an exemption from paying sales tax.</div><h4 style="text-align: left;">Income Inequity - Regressive Sales Tax Primarily Benefits Well-Off Landowners</h4><p>The primary general argument against sales taxes are that they are regressive. Lower-income households pay a higher share of their income in sales taxes than higher-income households. The situation is the same here, and it is particularly problematic in this case as the largest beneficiary of the tax are the owners of farms - who generally have above average incomes in the Valley and include some truly rich out-of-Valley landowners as described above.</p><p>The Blueprint can improve this inequity by including funding to repair unsafe drinking water systems in the Valley to their plan. The tax is still regressive, but funding clean drinking water with its proceeds will at least direct more of the benefits to low-income communities.</p><h4 style="text-align: left;">Political Feasibility - Will it Pass?</h4><div>The Valley is not an easy place to get voter approval for a tax increase. And as a special tax, I believe the Blueprint proposal would require a 2/3 vote to pass. That's a tough hurdle, and the poll results are interesting if reliable.</div><div><br /></div><div>First, while the poll focused on the sales tax proposal - in the one question that presented both a "water consumption tax surcharge based on use" and a "special sales tax" - respondents favored the use charge over the sales tax by a nearly 2-to-1 margin. My read on this is that a proposal as I suggested above - user charges to cover the full cost with special tax revenue to defray costs to local users meeting residency, income and acreage restrictions - would be seen as more equitable and popular to Valley voters.</div><div><br /></div><div>Second, the poll had a note of positive news for the sales tax: 69% of the respondents said they would be "very likely" or "somewhat likely" to support a special sales tax for water. Is this poll reliable? Is there really that much support? A look at the last voter poll the Institute for Leadership and Public Policy did in cooperation with Valley water users suggests there polling may be too optimistic.</div><div><br /></div><div>In October 2018, a few weeks before the vote on the Proposition 3 water bond, <a href="http://fresnostate.edu/socialsciences/departments/add-programs/leadershippublicpolicy/documents/2018%20Election%20Survey%20Report.pdf" target="_blank">the same group released a poll of likely voters in the 8 San Joaquin Valley counties</a> that found the following support for Prop 3. 64% Yes, 10% No, and 26% Don't Know. In reality, 50.1% of voters in the 8 counties voted No, so their polling of Valley voters missed by an enormous margin in 2018.</div><div><br /></div><div>I believe the Blueprint's special sales tax will lose big as proposed. It might have a chance if the Blueprint adjust it to be more equitable in the following ways.</div><p></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Eliminate the 3 North San Joaquin Valley counties.</li><li>Add funding for safe drinking water in disadvantaged communities.</li><li>Propose a full cost user charge with the sales tax to defray expenses for non-wealthy water users who live in the Valley.</li></ul><p></p><p><br /></p>Jeffhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10344751623916759400noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8236405782975490260.post-44918914440500644732020-07-06T21:34:00.002-07:002020-07-06T21:34:48.171-07:00Reaction to CalMatters essay, "A social justice perspective of the Delta tunnel project"<a href="https://calmatters.org/commentary/my-turn/2020/06/a-social-justice-perspective-of-the-delta-tunnel-project/" target="_blank">Gary Kremen, vice chair of the Delta Conveyance Finance Authority, argues that building the Delta conveyance tunnel promotes social justice. </a> His argument is built around a rhetorical question that he fails to answer correctly. Kremen asks,<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #212121; font-family: interstate, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Fira Sans", "Droid Sans", "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif; font-size: 20px;">In a catastrophic levee failure, who stands to be hurt the most?</span></blockquote>
Correct Answer: The people who die! Shockingly, Mr. Kremen completely omits any mention of fatalities, which is rather obviously the most significant harm caused by the catastrophic flood he describes. The earthquake induced flood he describes would come with virtually no warning, and if it triggered enough widespread flooding to harm water exports - it would surely be a mass fatality event wiping out small communities, family farms, and critical transportation, energy and local water infrastructure. A more likely smaller earthquake induced flood would still do much of this damage with minimal impacts on water exports. But the $11+ billion tunnel Kremen is promoting would protect none of the lives and also would not protect against most economic impacts. It would not even fully protect water exports. In contrast, investing in levee improvements protects all of these interest - including water exporters and human lives - from this catastrophic event. Levee investments benefit all stakeholders. That certainly sounds more like social equity to me.<br />
<br />
I had high hopes that this kind of disaster rhetoric would die down after the Oroville disaster nearly killed thousands and wiped communities after the map. Especially after post-Oroville reviews slammed the Department of Water Resources for safety lapses and prioritizing water export agencies over public safety. Mr Kremen's commentary gives me little hope that public safety is a high priority for the Delta Conveyance Finance Authority he vice chairs. <br />
<br />
Since everyone has to make a COVID comparison in our commentary now, I should also point out that the state's response to COVID shows California is very willing to prioritize saving lives over maintaining economic activity during a disaster. Building levees that protect lives and businesses would be consistent with California's clearly expressed values, whereas building a tunnel that protects certain business interests while ignoring death and destruction in vulnerable communities is not.<br />
<br />
Here is another strange and incorrect passage from Kremen's so-called social justice argument. He warns that not building the tunnel will reduce water to Central Valley agriculture, and<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #212121; font-family: interstate, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Fira Sans", "Droid Sans", "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif; font-size: 20px;">Reduced water to Central Valley agriculture would mean higher prices for food, higher carbon footprint from food importation and decreased food security. Higher food prices disparately affect those who are poor and vulnerable. It is well documented that the transportation related pollution for importing food especially damages communities of color.</span></blockquote>
First, I would point out to Mr. Kremen that the only agriculture output that would definitely be lost in the catastrophe he describes is in the Delta itself - and the tunnels would do nothing to protect it. The droughts of 2014-15 reduced water supplies by more than double the amount exported from the Delta in a full year, and these had negligible impacts on food prices despite hundreds of thousands of acres fallowed. The tunnels would not protect the poor from rising food prices, nor would it protect them from rising water bills. The carbon footprint, food importation comment is just weird. Kremen suggests central valley farm products don't travel far, and are mostly sold at your local farmers market. In fact, Central Valley agriculture is extremely export oriented, very industrial, and ships its crops across the world. Why would a decrease in Central Valley farm output increase global food shipping costs? <br />
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But the really strange part of this comment is the suggestion that the tunnel is actually good for agriculture - a statement which is demonstratively false. Many agricultural agencies - including the entire Central Valley Project and multiple agricultural state water project contractors are not participating in the Delta tunnels because it makes water too expensive for farming. The financial plan for the tunnels that Kremen and others have developed will result in farmers not participating and giving up a portion of their water exports to urban areas due to its extreme costs. I have heard leaders of urban agencies, including Kremen himself, suggest that tunnels that price farmers out of the state and federal water projects is a business opportunity for urban agencies to pick up their water supplies. <br />
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<a href="https://onthepublicrecord.org/2020/06/23/the-delta-tunnel-is-not-a-social-justice-project/" target="_blank">As On the Public Record points out in their comments on Kremen's column,</a> the Delta tunnel is an engineering project not a social justice project. For years, proponents of this Delta conveyance have tried to put green wrapping paper around the project (a tradition Kremen continues here with his claims about the carbon footprint of food importation). This attempt to wrap it in the cause of social justice is even more disturbing. Let's hope this isn't a new trend. Jeffhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10344751623916759400noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8236405782975490260.post-10374112312529729392020-06-23T08:20:00.002-07:002020-06-25T11:07:27.860-07:00Covid-19 Pandemic Causes Historic Drop In Farm Employment The latest employment data released by the California EDD on June 19 shows a massive decline in farm jobs since the Covid pandemic hit. The graph below shows seasonally adjusted farm employment from January to May for each year since 2013, a period which includes some of the most severe droughts in California history. None of those events came close to eliminating jobs like the Covid pandemic. I am not surprised at the loss in jobs, but the magnitude caught me by surprise. EDD estimates a loss of over 100,000 farm jobs since February (seasonally adjusted), a nearly 25% decline in farm jobs compared to a 14% decline in non-farm jobs over the same period.<br />
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" /><br />
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This may seem surprising since farm workers are defined as "essential" and most essential industries have seen lower than average job loss - and some like grocery stores and delivery drivers have seen no loss in employment at all. In addition, a large share of farm workers do not qualify for enhanced unemployment benefits that have discouraged some lower-wage workers from seeking employment. So why such a large decline? A loss of this size is probably caused by a combination of factors.<br />
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Covid rates are high in farm labor communities. Imperial County has by far the highest Covid case per capita in the state, and many other big agricultural counties have seen big increases and increasingly rank among the hardest hit locations in the state. Crowded living and working arrangements and poor access to health care make Covid a particularly difficult challenge for farm worker communities. Illness among workers and their families, concern about dangerous working conditions, and increased caregiving responsibilities can all reduce the supply of people willing and able to work farm jobs. Changes to the flow of people across the U.S.-Mexico border during the pandemic are also likely contributing to changes in labor supply, although H-2a agricultural visas have been exempted from new immigration restrictions for now.<br />
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In addition, there have likely been changes to farm labor demand as food demand has shifted from restaurants to home cooking. Restaurant closures have substantially reduced the demand for fresh produce, and other labor intensive specialty crops. It is likely that these crops are not being harvested or planted at typical levels which reduces labor demand. Grocery store shelves suggest most people at home are making eggs, pasta, and rice - not salad. <br />
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I am sure there are more contributing factors to this historic shift in the data.<br />
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Finally, I should mention two notes of caution. First, these initial employment estimates are based on samples and are subject to future revision as full employment tax filings are tabulated. Historically, revisions have seemed higher in the farm sector than other areas so caution is always warranted. But I have never seen a decrease anywhere this magnitude, so it seems very likely that me that there will still be very large losses even if the numbers are eventually revised higher. Second, the graph I displayed above is seasonally adjusted data - so the decrease it shows is actually a smaller than usual seasonal increase in the unadjusted data. Farm jobs have increased by 30,000 since March, but that is much much lower than the typical increase in spring, and California farm employment is estimated to be 20% lower (almost 100,000 fewer jobs) than last May.Jeffhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10344751623916759400noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8236405782975490260.post-29867931214033401242020-04-06T13:16:00.002-07:002020-04-06T13:16:36.715-07:00Social Distancing Benefits Exceed the CostsThere is a lot of shocking economic news at the moment with new terrible projections of economic impacts of Covid-19 by the day. I will be contributing to the scary economic projections with some local/regional assessments later this week.<br />
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When reading all this news, it is natural to wonder if the economic costs of fighting the pandemic
through stay-at-home orders and social distancing is too great. President Trump has repeatedly said, “We
can’t have the cure be worse than the problem.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
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Readers of ValleyEcon know that I believe in cost-benefit analysis as a tool to help us analyze complex issues like Covid-19 regulations. The data is bad, but do not by themselves suggest we should be focused on reopening the economy over fighting the virus. In fact, economic
cost-benefit analysis strongly supports the stay-at-home, social distancing orders
in California and the extension of those policies nationwide.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><br /></span></div>
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It is important to note that current estimates economic decline are not the cost of stay-at-home policies, because the
baseline for comparison is not a business-as-usual no-pandemic scenario.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>To estimate the cost of stay-at-home policy,
we would have to compare it the economic loss if the pandemic were allowed to
spread unchecked as schools and businesses tried to remain open in the face of much
larger levels of illness and fatalities.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>While the economic loss under our current stay-at-home policies is
massive, about 30% of daily economic output according to Moody’s Economy.com,
it may not be significantly higher than the economic losses under a no-policy
scenario.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Well-established economic tools can also help us estimate
the benefits of stay-at-home policies, which are widely estimated to prevent
1-2 million fatalities in the U.S. compared to a do-nothing scenario.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The value of a statistical life is a concept
that has been rigorously estimated and refined over decades and used in
cost-benefit analysis of environmental, public health and safety regulations
for air quality, chemicals, highway improvements and more.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Back of the envelope estimates of the benefits of reduced
coronavirus fatalities from social distancing efforts in the United States
range between $10 and $20 trillion.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><a href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3561244" target="_blank">A detailed paper from University of Chicago economists using very conservative approaches, including low-end estimates of averted fatalities and acontroversial value of a statistical life that decreases with age, estimates the value of social distancing policies at more than $8 trillion.</a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>That conservative estimate of benefits
equates to about one-third of U.S. annual GDP, far exceeding any reasonable
estimate of the cost of social distancing policies compared to a no-action
coronavirus scenario.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In this case, strong public health policies are also the
best economic policies. <o:p></o:p></div>
<br />Jeffhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10344751623916759400noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8236405782975490260.post-58834063281754041442020-03-08T16:40:00.002-07:002020-03-08T21:19:11.126-07:00Economic Impacts of Potential Water Reductions in the San Joaquin Valley: Reaction to the Blueprint ReportT<a href="https://mavensnotebook.com/2020/03/03/this-just-in-new-economic-report-seeks-to-highlight-significant-water-challenges-for-california-communities/" target="_blank">he Water Blueprint for the San Joaquin Valle</a>y released a report (hereafter referred to as the Blueprint Report) on the economic impacts of the Sustainable Groundwater Management Act (SGMA) and additional potential water supply reductions in the San Joaquin Valley. The Blueprint is a group advocating a plan to replace up to 2.4 million acre feet of groundwater overdraft through increasing water exported from the Delta and a variety of government subsidized water supply infrastructure.<br />
<br />
My assessment is that the Blueprint Report substantially overestimates the total economic loss to the San Joaquin Valley from sustainable groundwater and environmental policies, and provides misleading analysis of the distributional impacts of the costs between landowners and laborers. Specifically, the Blueprint Report<br />
<ul>
<li>Overestimates the economic impacts of reduced water supplies with estimates that are 3 times higher than other, more credible, reports,</li>
<li>Hides the finding that farm land owners are the biggest beneficiary of its agenda, inaccurately suggesting that the Blueprint's primary impact will be to help disadvantaged communities,</li>
<li>Fails to acknowledge the limitations in its economic model or place its results in the context of current and future labor market conditions in the Valley, and</li>
<li>Fails to recommend strategies to help disadvantaged communities other than the old failed approaches of more subsidized water and weaker environmental regulation.</li>
</ul>
<br />
<b>1. The economic impacts are inflated, about three times higher than PPIC estimated for SGMA impacts from a similar amount of farmland fallowing or retirement.</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
Comparing the Blueprint Report <a href="https://www.ppic.org/wp-content/uploads/0219ehr-appendix-c.pdf" target="_blank">to recent PPIC analysis</a> of similar issues show that both estimate similar acreage of farmland fallowing or retirement due to SGMA, 798,000 vs 749,000. However, the Blueprint Report estimates that the decrease in crop production due to SGMA will have roughly the same distribution of crops as current crops grown in the region, whereas PPIC uses an economic model to estimate that the decrease in production will be concentrated in lower revenue crops. Unlike PPIC, the Blueprint Report does not explain the model used to translate water reductions into crop reductions, but does state that "future restrictions on
ground and surface water use in the region may reduce the scale of farming in the Valley by
roughly one-fifth. Farm revenues and net income fall by similar percentages."<br />
<br />
Specifically, the Blueprint Report estimates about 60% of the decreased crop acres are in trees/vines, compared to about 20% in the PPIC report. The Blueprint Report forecasts that just over 20% of the acreage losses are to field/hay/pasture crops, whereas PPIC projects about 2/3 of the decrease in acreage is in field/hay/pasture crops. As a result, the Blueprint Report estimates farm revenue and employment losses about three times higher than the PPIC for a similar decrease in water supplies and acres taken out of agricultural production. Past experience with water shortages, economic theory and common sense suggest the PPICs estimates are likely to be more accurate than the Blueprint Report.<br />
<br />
As shown above, the Blueprint Report is a strong repudiation of the economic findings in the 2019 PPIC report, and yet it doesn't even mention them. This is another way that the Blueprint Report is highly misleading. A credible report would cite other estimates and explain why they believe their approach is better. I wonder if the PPIC researchers will have anything to say about these estimates that are three times higher than their own, or follow the Blueprint Report's lead and pretend each others work doesn't exist.<br />
<br />
<b>2. The analysis obscures and ignores the implications of its most significant result, that direct losses to farm owner income total $1.9 billion per year in its main scenario - almost double the direct change to farm employee compensation. </b><br />
<b><br /></b>
For the SGMA + scenario, the BluePrint Report estimates a whopping $1.9 billion income loss to owners of farms on a gross crop revenue loss of just over $7 billion. This result, which is ignored in the Blueprint Report's summary, reflects an average 27% operating margin for these farm owners, a profit margin that would make the most profitable tech companies and Wall Street CEOs envious. It certainly would have been interesting to see the report trace the calculations and geography of the $1.9 billion income change to farm owners in the same detail as it traces the estimated $1.1 billion loss to farm labor compensation. How much of the $1.9 billion annual loss to owner income accrues outside the Valley in non-disadvantaged communities like Beverly Hills, Pebble Beach, or Manhattan?<br />
<br />
If their report is accurate and the Blueprint would protect nearly $2 billion in annual income to farm owners, then perhaps these landowners should be willing to pay for most or all of the Blueprint projects themselves instead of asking for federal and state taxpayers to cover the bill. If the Blueprint is really about helping farm workers as Blueprint PR suggests, then it seems reasonable to ask the farm owners to pay up to a billion dollars per year (just over half of their self-estimate of protected income) to implement the Blueprint's agenda and keep more farm workers employed.<br />
<br />
Of course, I do not expect that the farm owners are either willing or able to pay for their multi-billion dollar water infrastructure agenda. As discussed in Point #1 above, more credible assessments show that both the $1.9 billion farm owner loss and $1.1 billion loss to employee compensation are about three times too large. The public should interpret the failure of the farm owners to offer substantial funding to implement the Blueprint as strong evidence that the economic impacts in this report are overblown, and that much of the Blueprint agenda is not cost-effective.<br />
<br />
<b>3. The Report does not recognize the limitations of its employment model, and fails to put its findings in the context of the broader demographic and economic changes that will occur in the Valley over the 20 year SGMA implementation horizon.</b><br />
<br />
I am an IMPLAN user myself, so I am not going to criticize the model choice, but the report should reveal more about its shortcomings in this application. IMPLAN is best used for descriptive analysis of the current economy and its linkages, and short-run analysis of relatively small changes to output or demand. It is not designed for long-run analysis, or for analyzing labor-markets that do not fit the underlying assumptions of the model. The assumptions include no input price effects or supply constraints. This implies a perfectly elastic labor supply curve where jobs shift proportionately with a change in production and labor demand, whereas the evidence shows farm labor markets have some characteristics of monopsony where a labor demand shift has a smaller than proportional effect on employment. IMPLAN does not model labor supply or unemployment. Even without getting into the econ weeds to explain why, long-time observers of the Valley economy will recall that these IMPLAN based studies have a history of overestimating employment losses in California during water supply and agricultural production declines events such as droughts.<br />
<br />
It is also important to put the resulting changes into the context of change phased in over 2 decades when there will be significant demographic and economic changes in the Valley that have large effects on the farm labor force and agriculture in general. The IMPLAN model assumes no supply constraints, meaning that the current data it uses to calibrate the model assumes farms currently have all the labor they want. <br />
<br />
<a href="https://www.cfbf.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/LaborScarcity.pdf" target="_blank">This 2019 report from the California Farm Bureau Federation provides much needed context and background on labor market conditions</a>. Below is <a href="https://migration.ucdavis.edu/rmn/more.php?id=2311" target="_blank">a summary from UC-Davis' Rural Migration News</a>.<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: verdana, helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 1.125em; margin-top: 1.125em;">
A California Farm Bureau Federation-UCD survey of growers in Spring 2019 found that 56 percent of the 1,071 respondents could not hire as many workers as they wanted at some point during the previous five years, rising to 70 percent in 2017-18. As a result, more than a third delayed activities such as weeding or pruning, or did less of these activities than in the past.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: verdana, helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 1.125em; margin-top: 1.125em;">
In response to fewer workers and rising wages, over half of respondents are using mechanization where available, a third are changing crops, often switching from crops harvested by hand to tree nuts, and some are raising wages to attract and retain employees.</div>
</blockquote>
Every economic and demographic projection of the Valley and its farm economy project that farm workers are only going to become more scarce. Crops already go unpicked due to labor scarcity. The Valley's population is growing, but fewer and fewer of its residents want to be farm laborers. In this context, there is no reason to expect that a decline in farm output or acres cultivated will lead to a directly proportional shift in farm employment or rising unemployment as this report suggests. In fact, since the majority of farmers actually want to hire more labor under current conditions, it is certainly plausible that farmed acreage can contract to some degree without any decrease in employment.<br />
<br />
<b>Final Thoughts</b><br />
<br />
I know several people involved in the Blueprint initiative who are very sincere and have good intentions. I listened to their presentation in Fresno at the California Economic Summit. The focus seemed to be on finding a message to give the Blueprint appeal to a broader political audience, but it seemed more focused on environmental impacts - not a plan to pitch the agenda as a benefit to the poor. My suggestion to a few people at the meeting who were involved in the rather fuzzy Blueprint organization is that they add stronger emphasis on new technologies and consider reducing water shipped out of the Valley to coastal urban areas as a better way to keep more water in the Valley than squeezing more out of the over-tapped Delta. I also reminded them that most of the Delta is in the San Joaquin Valley, and that perhaps they should call it Blueprint for the Tulare Basin.<br />
<br />
I don't remember hearing any mention of an economic impact report focused on disadvantaged communities. Perhaps they walked away from that conference and all the discussion of inclusive economic growth with a strategy to market their agenda as a benefit to disadvantaged communities. Unfortunately, the Blueprint agenda doesn't do much to lift up the poor in the Central Valley. It is a status quo agenda about preserving the current Valley economy with its persistent outcomes of poverty, inequality, pollution and high prosperity for most of the Valley's landowners. The new Blueprint Report misleadingly suggests that the biggest beneficiaries of their agenda are disadvantaged communities, when the main beneficiaries would be the land owners and water agency management and consultants behind the Blueprint.<br />
<br />
Is it possible to advance a water agenda that supports inclusive economic growth in the Valley? Yes, but it is going to take political courage from the Newsom administration and some folks within the Blueprint organization as it continues to develop its proposal. The Newsom administration wants inclusive economic growth in the Valley, and the farmers behind the Blueprint want more government investment in their priorities and relaxed environmental regulations. The State has some leverage, and the Governor should use it to demand better outcomes from any public investment and changes to future management.<br />
<br />
Thus, I suggest that future government actions to support the water user agenda (including the voluntary agreements) be conditioned on significant changes that improve equity in the San Joaquin Valley agricultural economy and ensure more of the economic benefits accrue to farm workers and the communities in which they live. Here are my initial suggestions for a progressive Governor to consider in a "Blueprint for an Inclusive Economic Development Agenda for San Joaquin Valley Water."<br />
<ul>
<li>ban the sale or transfer of related water supplies from Valley agriculture to urban areas outside the Valley;</li>
<li>require farms receiving water from the government financed projects to pay a higher prevailing wage, similar to the requirements on affordable housing developers who receive public funds.</li>
<li>impose a modest fee on agricultural water supplies to match state investments in safe drinking water for Central Valley disadvantaged communities.</li>
<li>require increased regional self-sufficiency and reduced imports from the Delta in coastal urban areas, freeing up Delta water supplies for the benefit of the environment and agriculture.</li>
<li>support increased R&D and early implementation of new water technologies, especially those that could be produced and developed in the Valley and marketed to solve solve growing water challenges across the globe. </li>
<li>require landowners to live on or near (within 30 miles) their property that receives water from the government projects.</li>
<li>orchard planting permits.</li>
</ul>
<div>
If Valley water users are not willing to consider anything other than unconditional subsidies and lower environmental protection, the Newsom administration should not be afraid to walk away. Walking away from the Blueprint agenda doesn't mean walking away from the San Joaquin Valley. The Valley economy is capable of adapting to a smaller agricultural footprint over the next two decades, and public investment towards inclusive economic development in the Valley can focus on building the non-agricultural economy through initiatives like Fresno Drive.<br />
<br />
P.S. After posting this, I saw <a href="https://sjvwater.org/collaboration-is-the-new-game-in-california-water/" target="_blank">Lois Henry's article</a> about the Water Blueprint presentation at the Kern County Water Summit, and took a look at the <a href="https://sjvwater.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Blueprint-Plan-Mar-2020.pdf" target="_blank">Scott Hamilton powerpoint</a> she described. I am intrigued by the concept of diverting from the Delta with low-velocity perforated pipes under gravel that he presented even if I am skeptical it can yield an additional 2 million acre feet per year from the Delta (one wonders if that estimate is as exaggerated as the doom predictions in their economic impact report). The concept is somewhat reminiscent of Bob Pyke's idea of permeable levees in his West Delta Intakes proposal and I encourage creative thinking like this. Importantly, it illustrates the need of agricultural water users for Delta proposals that are substantially less expensive than the tunnel vision promoted by the Department of Water Resources and Metropolitan Water District. And it shows the foolishness of DWR's approach with the Delta tunnels to postpone economic and financial analysis until after the EIR for the tunnel is done. I also noticed that Hamilton's Powerpoint did not hide the farm owner income effect or focus predominantly on disadvantaged communities when referring to the economic report, so that is encouraging too.<br />
<br />
Thank you to Lois for posting this.<br />
<br /></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
Jeffhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10344751623916759400noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8236405782975490260.post-17248961055024294042020-02-17T21:38:00.000-08:002020-02-17T21:38:13.661-08:00Delta Voluntary Agreement Costs Soar from $1.1 billion to $5.3 billionThe <a href="https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/waterrights/water_issues/programs/bay_delta/proposed_voluntary_agreements.html" target="_blank">first update</a> of the Delta voluntary settlement agreements (VSA) last winter had an estimated cost of $1.1 billion over 15 years. In t<a href="https://mavensnotebook.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Plenary-Presentation-02-04-20_Final.pdf" target="_blank">he latest update, </a>the cost of implementing the voluntary agreements has soared by over $4 billion to a whopping $5.3 billion. <a href="https://calmatters.org/commentary/gavin-newsom-sacramento-san-joaquin-bay-delta/" target="_blank">Governor Newsom failed to mention the enormous and growing costs in his oped praising the voluntary agreement framework</a>.<br />
<br />
The delta water users contribution has increased from about $300 million to $2.34 billion. <a href="http://valleyecon.blogspot.com/2019/01/7-acre-foot-no-way-its-worth-more-than.html" target="_blank">On one hand, I am happy to see the extra $2 billion given that I previously ridiculed how cheap the water agencies initial offer was compared to the enormous benefits they receive from this agreement compared to the alternative. </a>This additional $2 billion from water users only accounts for half of the cost escalation, the government negotiators also "volunteered" an additional $2 billion in taxpayer funds for a total of nearly $3 billion from federal and state governments.<br />
<br />
Over $5 billion in taxpayer and ratepayer funds is a lot for a 15 year Delta operations agreement. Taxpayers and ratepayers should be asking whether these $5+ billion is better invested on developing alternative local water supplies and new technologies that will provide benefits far beyond the 15 years of this agreement.<br />
<br />
The $3 billion in state and federal funding deserves the most scrutiny. It seems that most of the funding for habitat in these agreements appears to come from existing state bonds dedicated to environmental enhancement - meaning that habitat investment is going to happen anyway with or without this voluntary agreement. I have heard that many of the specific projects were already required. So are the habitat improvements in the VSA any different than would occur without the VSA? If they are the same, then they should be in the baseline and their benefits not attributed to the VSA deal. If they are different, then we need to consider what other habitat projects are lost to support the VSAs.<br />
<br />
The spending plan summary also says that about $1.2 billion of the funds would go to water purchases which would average less than 200,000 af per year over 15 years. That's a pretty good price for irrigation water, I wonder how they determined the amount. Another $456 million for paid fallowing that would presumably provide some of the other flows from the Sacramento and San Joaquin Valley. <br />
<br />
I find it interesting that if water supplies and fallowing is the result of regulation, the focus of the anti-regulatory protests (as well as the Governor's explanations for not suing the Trump administration over weakened environmental regulatons) are the low-paid farm worker jobs that could be lost if water diversions are curtailed. However, the VSA deal pays $1.6 billion to landowners (farmers) to reduce farm water supplies and fallow fields, and $0 to farm workers and communities that these politicians and landowners say are harmed the most by land fallowing. I wonder if the environment and Central Valley communities wouldn't both be better off if the state stuck with the original regulations and directed $1.6 billion in public funds to other economic and community benefits in the Valley.<br />
<br />
I am not opposed to the concept of a voluntary agreement, but it should have a simple structure in which water users only provide funding for environmental goals in return for a lower regulatory burden - rather than the needlessly complicated VSAs that mix in lots of funding and projects that do not depend on the VSA. A simple structure is very common in a variety of regulatory settings. A common example is a developer paying a fee to satisfy a regulatory requirement rather than direct action by the developer to set aside land or housing units for other social/environmental needs. Jeffhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10344751623916759400noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8236405782975490260.post-35356700274781883942020-02-04T19:02:00.000-08:002020-02-04T19:03:09.909-08:00Delta Tunnel EIR Scoping Comments Part 1: Finance drives operation, so feasibility study should come first not lastThe EIR scoping meetings for the single-tunnel delta conveyance facility (DCF) began this week. My comments focus on two critical areas where DWR appears to be repeating their mistakes of their past despite the Newsom administration's stated intention of taking a fresh approach: 1) postponing financial feasibility and benefit-cost analysis to the end instead of the beginning, and 2) ignoring known alternatives with higher and more broadly distributed benefits and likely lower costs.<br />
<br />
<b>Point 1: Finance drives operational and sizing decisions, and thus must be considered up-front.</b><br />
<br />
This is hardly a controversial point for water infrastructure planning. Feasibility studies, which include financial plans informed by benefit-cost analysis at their core, are typically conducted in tandem with environmental impact reports for water infrastructure. This is common sense as financial considerations have important consequences for project design, sizing and how infrastructure is operated. If financial feasibility analysis and environmental impact analysis are not done together in an integrated fashion, it is the EIR that should follow after feasibility, because the EIR guidelines frequently refer to feasibility as a factor in the development and consideration of alternatives. <a href="http://the%20most%20efficient%20way%20to%20prepare%20environmental%20documentation%20may%20be%20to%20initiate%20the%20process%20in%20the%20second%20half%20of%20the%20feasibility%20study%20process%20or%20immediately%20after%20the%20feasibility%20study%20is%20completed%2C%20when%20alternatives%20are%20clearly%20formulated%20and%20analyses%20and%20adequate%20information%20are%20available%20to%20informatively%20discuss%20the%20project%20and%20its%20impact%20and%20benefits%20to%20the%20stakeholders/" target="_blank">DWR itself has stated this</a> principle,<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
The most efficient way to prepare environmental documentation may be to
initiate the process in the second half of the feasibility study process or immediately after
the feasibility study is completed, when alternatives are clearly formulated and analyses
and adequate information are available to informatively discuss the project and its impact
and benefits to the stakeholders.(Guidance for a state-led feasibility study, page 26) </blockquote>
However, DWR appears to be doing it backwards for the single-tunnel plan and risks repeating the mistakes of the WaterFix experience. The <a href="https://water.ca.gov/-/media/DWR-Website/Web-Pages/Programs/Delta-Conveyance/Delta_Conveyance_Project_NOP_20200115_508.pdf?la=en&hash=74B80DAAE5B9C4BC2EB0619B6A252011F72D1087" target="_blank">notice of preparation for single-tunnel delta conveyance</a> doesn't mention that it will be doing feasibility or economic analysis, <a href="https://water.ca.gov/-/media/DWR-Website/Web-Pages/Programs/Delta-Conveyance/DC_NOP_QA_Final.pdf" target="_blank">and in an accompanying FAQ document states that it will do this analysis after a preferred alternative has been selected.</a><br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">There will be a cost
estimate, as well as both a Benefit-Cost Analysis and a</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">
Financial Analysis, developed during the planning process. At this point, the
NOP</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">
is a start of the environmental review, which focuses on the relative</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">
environmental impacts rather than economic issues. Cost analyses will come</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">
later in the process, after a preferred alternative has been selected (Delta conveyance NOP Q&A question 17, page 4)</span></blockquote>
What's wrong with doing it backwards? The most obvious problem is that stakeholders and agencies, both proponents and opponents of the project, can waste enormous amounts of money and time analyzing an infeasible project. Another problem is that rushed last minute project changes can occur when financial problems finally emerge that do not receive adequate scrutiny. We certainly saw both of these problems with the twin-tunnel WaterFix.<br />
<br />
Another serious problem with this backwards approach is that it makes it easy for a project proponent to make claims and promises to operate in an environmentally friendly way in a report, just to get environmental approval and permits to build it. Feasibility analysis can tell you whether those promises are likely to be kept, or whether the operation of a facility like the tunnel is likely to be changed later in response to financial needs as well as economic and political pressure. Like a politician who makes promises they won't keep while they are trying to get elected, DWR appears to be making environmental promises they won't keep to get their permit to build.<br />
<br />
To be fair, I should mention the NOP says that it will consider the results of contract negotiations that are related to financing the project. That's at least a small step in the right direction, and <a href="http://valleyecon.blogspot.com/2020/01/as-water-agencies-balk-at-tunnels-price.html" target="_blank">the latest developments in those contract negotiations are a perfect example of how finance can change the operation and description of a project.</a> Of course, starting with the feasibility study would have helped inform those contract extensions too.<br />
<br />
Governor Newsom's administration says this is a new project and he is taking a fresh perspective, but this is starting to look like the same people, repeating the same mistakes, and destined to fail in the same way on a slightly smaller version of the same project. A fresh approach would mean looking at a much broader set of alternatives - which is the subject of my second point and a future post.Jeffhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10344751623916759400noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8236405782975490260.post-89205275176709235102020-01-20T14:43:00.000-08:002020-01-21T12:21:51.351-08:00As water agencies balk at the tunnel’s price tag, DWR turns to a desperate ransom strategy: taking water from non-payers that is not attributable to the $10+ billion tunnel.Since July, the Department of Water Resources (DWR) and State Water Contractors have engaged in fruitless negotiations over how to pay for a single-tunnel Delta Conveyance Facility (DCF is the new term now that the twin-tunnel “WaterFix” is gone). On December 23, right before the holidays, DWR made their <a href="https://cadwr.app.box.com/s/irusyewojv4nwzmxfznghzmgli9sswcw/file/583039757876">6th proposal to the State WaterContractors with a major shift in approach.</a> <br />
<br />
Two things are apparent from the new proposal:<br />
<br />
1. The majority of the south of Delta water agencies who are supposed to be beneficiaries of the DCF don't believe the project is worth it. Unlike the DWR executives who stubbornly refuse to follow their own guidelines for financial feasibility and benefit-cost analysis, these water agencies’ leaders correctly recognize the DCF’s enormous costs are not worth its small water supply benefits and enormous risks. <br />
<br />
2. DWR is threatening to punish agencies who won’t pay, by redefining the water supply benefits received by those who pay for the DCF as including water that is not attributable to or dependent on the construction of the project. They propose to take away water supplies that would be received without the WaterFix from fiscally-responsible and/or less powerful water agencies (primarily agricultural) if they aren’t willing or able to write a blank check to finance the construction and operation of the $10+ billion DCF. The strong-armed move goes far beyond the withdrawn proposals of Governor Brown’s administration, and seems like a desperate tactic to save a failing project. <br />
<br />
A closer look at these two points:<br />
<h4>
1: Most water agencies don’t want the DCF, but the Department of Water Resources leadership refuses to accept that. </h4>
It is well known that Delta and environmental interests oppose the DCF, but it is now clear that the majority of the water agencies that would supposedly benefit from the DCF don’t want it either. To see this, it is important to remember that the Central Valley Project, which receives nearly half of water exported from the Delta, has already abandoned the project – leaving it as a State Water Project-only project. Thus, it barely has half of the support of Delta water exporter interests even if SWP support is unanimous. The preface to this latest proposal reveals that the DCF is only supported by the staffs of 16 of the 29 state water agencies, meaning that overall support of a Delta conveyance facility from all the agencies which receive Delta water exports is considerably less than 50 percent. And these are staff recommendations, which are frequently more supportive of expensive projects than their boards. For example, Metropolitan Water District (MWD), whose staff are the the biggest booster of Delta conveyance, only received 61% support from their board for financing the twin tunnel WaterFix – even after receiving enormous misinformation from MWD staff and personal lobbying calls from the Governor.<br />
<div>
<span style="line-height: 107%;"></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">
<span style="line-height: 107%;"> <span style="color: #0070c0;"> <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="line-height: 107%;">
Perhaps the worst news in this new proposal is that the current DWR leadership admits that they are surprised by the lack of support for DCF in the preface explaining their shift to this ransom style approach. After years of planning, the surprise of DWR’s leadership on this issue raises real questions. They would not be surprised if they properly understood the relative value and cost of their project. Instead, DWR leadership have for years refused to have their staff or independent 3rd parties conduct proper feasibility and benefit-cost studies, and have become extremely reliant on MWD staff and consultants. They are to blame for their own ignorance of the value and financial feasibility of their latest and previous proposals for Delta conveyance. </span></div>
<div>
<span style="line-height: 107%;"><br /></span>
<br />
<h4>
<span style="line-height: 107%;">2: DWR’s new proposal redefines the water supply impact of investing in the DCF and threatens to take away much of the water supplies </span>SWP agencies would receive in the absence of the tunnels. </h4>
<h4>
<span style="font-weight: normal;">DWR says the big change in the new proposal is shifting from an opt-in to an opt-out approach for participation. But the structure of the participation decision from opt-in to opt-out is not very important – the critical change in this proposal is the definition of the water supply benefit gained from investing in the DCF. </span><a href="https://cadwr.app.box.com/s/irusyewojv4nwzmxfznghzmgli9sswcw">Reviewing previous draftsof the proposal reveals this critical change. </a></h4>
</div>
<div>
<span style="line-height: 107%;">At the beginning of the negotiations, the water supply benefit of participating was defined by the term DCF project water, defined as follows:</span></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%;">“Delta Conveyance Project Water is established as a new type of SWP
project water that represents the additional amount of total SWP water that can
be conveyed with the Delta Conveyance Project compared to the amount that can
be conveyed without the Delta Conveyance Project.”</span></span></span></span></blockquote>
This language was adjusted in later proposals to be much fuzzier, using the term “attributable,” with DWR trying to insert language that added whether water was physically conveyed through the DCF to the definition, whereas the State Water Contractors proposing to strike out the language from the proposal.<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%;">“Delta Conveyance Facility Water (DCF Water) shall mean Project Water <b>diverted at and</b> attributable to the
Delta Conveyance Facility.” (Note: DWR
inserted the terms “diverted at and” and water agencies struck out the disputed
language in their counter-offer.)</span></span></span></span></blockquote>
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Now, in its new proposal DWR has eliminated the term DCF water entirely. Rather than water supply benefits being defined as attributable to the DCF, DWR will ignore what would have happened without the DCF and basically deny non-payers from receiving any water supplies conveyed through the DCF – even if they would have received the water anyway without the DCF. And then on top of this, non-payers are also severely restricted in their ability to receive so-called “Article 21” water, which is supplemental water that is generally available in wet years. The terms “water grab” and “hostage taking” are a bit overused in California water discussions but seem appropriate here. The proposal further states that water agencies that did pay for the DCF (most likely comparatively wealthy agencies like Metropolitan and Santa Clara) would have the option of receiving the water supply taken from the comparatively poorer agencies that did not pay for the DCF.<br />
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To illustrate the importance of this change, consider how it would have worked with the old twin-tunnel WaterFix proposal. According to the WaterFix EIR/EIS project description and modeling, the total water exported by the CVP/SWP was estimated to be about 5% higher with the WaterFix than without the WaterFix. So that 5% incremental increase is the water supply benefit of investing in the project, which is the correct way to define the project benefits and the way the negotiation started with the original definition of DCF water.<br />
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However, the WaterFix EIR/EIS also indicated that about 50% of total water exports would be diverted at the north Delta and conveyed through the tunnels if WaterFix were built. Thus, under the new proposal DWR is putting forward – those who do not pay would not only be forgoing their claim to the 5% incremental increase in water supply – they could lose up to 50% of their current water supply. <br />
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Thus, DWR’s current proposal could have significant impacts on the less wealthy, primarily agricultural agencies, and would likely lead to a significant reallocation of California water from agricultural to urban areas based on their willingness and capacity to pay for DWR’s multi-billion dollar mega-project. Some water agencies might succumb to the pressure and pay DWR’s ransom to keep their water supply. While these agencies might participate in DCF if this proposal stands, they will still be worse off than if the DCF was not constructed. These agencies could end up in the awkward position of remaining in the project (choosing not to opt-out) while simultaneously taking legal and other actions to stop the DCF. MWD stands to gain from this new proposal at the expense of other SWP agencies which raises questions of whether DWR is being unduly influenced by their cozy relationship with the MWD.<br />
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I am quite surprised that Governor Newsom’s administration would float such a proposal, and wonder whether it has been seriously vetted by his administration beyond DWR. Governor Newsom’s administration has been very concerned about the Central Valley and inter-regional equity, and this financing proposal is clearly harmful to these interests. And I doubt that these strong-arm ransom tactics are the direction that Governor Newsom had in mind when calling for a single-tunnel as a compromise. Eventually, I expect the Governor will come to realize that a single-Delta tunnel project simply isn’t viable and isn’t necessary or helpful in advancing California’s water resiliency.<br />
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PS. January 21: Corrected a formatting error, and also wanted to add a thank you to the Sierra Club California Water Committee for their tweet over the holidays which brought this new proposal to my attention. <a href="https://twitter.com/SCCAWatCom">https://twitter.com/SCCAWatCom</a><br />
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<br />Jeffhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10344751623916759400noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8236405782975490260.post-17933640789832580432019-12-09T21:29:00.000-08:002019-12-09T21:29:00.059-08:00Water Supply Reliability Out, Endangered Species Killing Incentives In With New Federal/State Delta Pumping RulesDelta water exporters are lauding the new biological opinions released by the Trump administration and the state's new regulations known as "Trump lite" by many environmentalists. Water exporters are praising the new rules for their use of real-time operations, as opposed to the old rules that were "calendar based." It's great PR messaging, but lousy policy. The message appeals on the surface - new rules are modern and with high-tech real time adjustments, while the old-rules are primitive and based on calendars. Good political messaging, but I would argue that it does not conform to the best available social science and policy design as it reduces water supply reliability and generates strong incentives to harm endangered species.<br />
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Let's start with the goal of water supply reliability - made state law by the 2009 Delta Reform Act. For years, I heard water exporters assure us that they didn't need more water - they needed more predictability about the operation of the water pumps so that they could plan with certainty. Seeing a political opportunity to get more water at the expense of reliability, they have quickly changed their tune. Calendars are old-fashioned, but they are extremely reliable, whereas real-time operations based on species location are highly uncertain, and are pretty much the opposite of reliability.<br />
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But the even bigger problem with the real-time operation of the Delta pumps are the incentives and reward structure it creates. You do not need a Ph.D. in fisheries to realize that they lower the fish population, the less likely they will be detected, and the less restricted water pumping from the Delta will be. On the other hand, if endangered species populations actually recover, they are more likely to be detected near the pumps, which would reduce water supplies to exporters under the proposed real-time operations. <br />
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Scholars of the endangered species act have known for a long time that triggering regulations by the presence of endangered species creates scores of negative incentives. During the 1980s and 1990s, there were many articles about the perverse incentives for economic interests. These incentives became known colloquially by the acronym SSS, "shoot, shovel and shut-up," and preemptive habitat destruction in more academic circles. I was a contributor to this literature in the 1990s and early 2000s, it was the subject of my PhD dissertation. The policy response to this was not abandoning the ESA, but creating positive incentives through Habitat Conservation Plans (HCP) and safe harbor programs.<br />
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These new Delta policies claim to be science-based, I can't judge that, but they certainly aren't based on the best available social science or policy design. They clearly create an incentive where water agencies are rewarded when protected species do poorly - and my understanding is that other parts of these new biological opinions create rules in other areas (like cold water habitat upstream from the Delta) that will be harmful to endangered Delta smelt and salmon. If we wanted to save species, if they experience bad conditions somewhere else in their lifecycle (whether that was due to natural fluctuations of ocean conditions or human mismanagement of Shasta dam or other human managed parts of the system), then we would have stronger restrictions at the pumps to make up for it. Under these rules, bad management upstream works to reduce protections at the Delta pumps, the very definition of negative incentives.<br />
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It seems to me that the appropriate policy approach for water supply reliability and species protection/ecosystem enhancement in the Delta would be a Habitat Conservation Plan. This is something that the PPIC is currently talking about in their recent publications on ecosystem management (see I don't always disagree with them). But sadly, the only time HCPs have been seriously proposed in the Delta is when they were being used as green gift wrap around 15,000 cfs Delta conveyance tunnels in the BDCP. Environmentalists haven't been warm to HCPs in the Delta either, but perhaps that might change as the BDCP becomes a more distant history.<br />
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The state's own economic consultant's analysis showed the value of the BDCP was in the regulatory certainty produced by the HCP, not the tunnels themselves. But under Governor Brown, the state decided to throw out the HCP and proceed with the tunnels only WaterFix. If the Newsom administration wanted to correct course on the Brown administration WaterFix plan, it wouldn't downsize from two tunnels to one, it would bring back the concept of an HCP (rebrand it ecosystem management if you want) and throw out the tunnels. Jeffhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10344751623916759400noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8236405782975490260.post-13130230084508390722019-12-09T15:11:00.000-08:002019-12-09T15:11:17.623-08:00Do jobs per drop calculations support more use of water markets?The <a href="https://californiawaterblog.com/2019/12/08/jobs-per-drop-irrigating-california-crops-2/" target="_blank">UC-D Watershed Center counters crops per drop calculations with jobs per drop calculations and then makes a rather large leap to their conclusion </a>... we need more water markets - not rules and regulations.<br />
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I am not persuaded. The biggest impact of expanded water markets, especially if combined with expensive conveyance infrastructure like Delta tunnel(s) also supported by the PPIC/Davis group, will be more ag-to-urban water transfers that direct water away from Central Valley agriculture. The economic impact of the out-of-ag transfers on the Valley could outweigh any marginal efficiency benefits from reallocating water between higher and lower revenue farmers. Coastal urban areas should be encouraged to develop alternative local supplies, so I would be more supportive of water transfers if ag-urban or out of basin transfers were limited. <br />
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Water is not the only thing that can be moved around in the Valley. As water becomes more scarce, I believe within basin transfers will be part of the solution, but it may be less costly and more efficient to move crops, farm workers, and capital to more water rich locations in the Valley than it is to move water long distances out of watersheds. (an acre foot of water weighs 2.7 million pounds and is worth a few hundred dollars in agricultural use) <br />
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I also wonder about the validity of these types of calculations that suggest water/jobs ratios are fixed. Water/nut ratios cited by environmentalists might vary widely too, but I suspect their is even greater variation in water/job ratio based on local conditions and production technology. In fact, I have long wondered the extent to which labor and water can be substitutes in the agriculture production function. This could be part of the reason that farm job loss during droughts has generally been less than predicted by simplistic fixed proportions analysis. For example, <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0921344919301296" target="_blank">Santa Clara researchers found nearly 34% of vegetable crops</a> went unharvested in California fields during 2016-17, and that there was a lot of variation in the unharvested amounts by field even for the same crops, and that labor availability/costs was a factor. I wonder if the unharvested percentage declines in a drought year, some fields might be fallowed, but more labor could be applied to the fields that are planted increasing the harvested crop per drop on the remaining fields. And there might be other ways that water-labor could be substitutes, for instance in more closely monitoring/managing irrigation equipment.<br />
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I am very much a market oriented economist, but I am deeply skeptical about the potential of water markets to be a major part of California water solutions. The transactions costs are extremely high (both transporation and regulatory), the potential for third-party impacts is large, and markets are unlikely to be competitive. <br />
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And as water becomes increasingly scarce, I believe regulatory limits on planting decisions could be warranted <u>some day, </u>and could be part of long-run management plans. We could use market principles to limit the cost of the regulations, for example if we have licenses that limit plantings of certain permanent crops - these could be transferable in markets. I once heard a very smart salmon fisherman say (sadly I forget their name) something like "we have to deal with transferable catch limits and quotas to avoid the tragedy of the commons in the oceans, why not an ITQ (individual transferable quota) for trees to avoid the tragedy of the commons in groundwater."<br />
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The job per drop data also suggest reducing field crops like corn and rice that have low labor intensity and relatively low revenue per acre. I worry if that were to go too far. These crops often provide valuable wildlife habitat, and fallowing these types of crops in drought years provides an important buffer to reduce water use while minimizing economic disruptions due to their relatively low labor intensity and relatively high ability to substitute with imported crops.<br />
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Of course, these calculations of jobs per drop are based on 2010 data and probably already outdated. The cost and scarcity of labor is having a much bigger impact on most farmers than the cost and scarcity of water. As discussed above, labor scarcity could increase the jobs per drop calculation for vegetables but the change in that number would not necessarily be very meaningful for water management. <br />
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While I have cautioned about drawing too many conclusions from these numbers above, I would also be very interested in seeing updated calculations for 2020 and the years ahead as data becomes available. Jeffhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10344751623916759400noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8236405782975490260.post-78579066935823693262019-10-07T17:00:00.000-07:002019-10-08T08:11:40.707-07:00Finally, some exciting news about water in California. <b>New $100M Innovation Hub to Accelerate R&D for a Secure Water Future: A research consortium led by Berkeley Lab, along with three other national labs, will head a DOE desalination hub to provide secure and affordable water
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<br />
<a href="https://newscenter.lbl.gov/2019/09/23/new-100m-innovation-hub-to-accelerate-rd-for-a-secure-water-future" target="_blank">https://newscenter.lbl.gov/2019/09/23/new-100m-innovation-hub-to-accelerate-rd-for-a-secure-water-future</a><br />
<a href="https://www.energy.gov/articles/department-energy-selects-national-alliance-water-innovation-lead-energy-water-desalination" target="_blank">https://www.energy.gov/articles/department-energy-selects-national-alliance-water-innovation-lead-energy-water-desalination</a><br />
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I would suggest the Governor borrow a few quotes from the LBL news release about NAWI when he announces a bold new vision for California water priorities. For example, "NAWI’s vision for creating a stable and resilient water supply for agriculture, industry, and communities involves a circular water economy, where water is treated to fit-for-purpose standards and reused locally, rather than transporting freshwater long distances."<br />
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This big announcement is $100 million over 5 years. How much does California spend on water technology R&D? I know we will spend more than that just on planning for a single tunnel in the Delta, that's before the $10+ billion on the thing itself. California will spend more than that on operations of the Delta Stewardship Council over the same period. The state will spend ten times this much subsidizing the so-called "ecosystem benefits" of a single dam.<br />
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It's nice to have the headquarters of this new consortium in California, but there could be much more of this activity in the state. California could totally dominate R&D, new technology development, and commercialization of alternative water technology with a relatively small amount of investment and policies to push local adoption. I strongly believe supporting and adopting new technologies should be the focus of the state's future water vision, including any future water bonds. This would create lots of high-paying jobs, as we develop technologies to solve our own problems that have broad applicability and worldwide commercialization potential. Most importantly, it could create new water in a sustainable and cost-effective manner while diversifying our sources so we are more resilient to climate change and natural disasters.<br />
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I find the current direction of state water policy very uninspiring. Eventually, the administration will figure out that a single-tunnel in the Delta isn't viable, and that putting green window-dressing on last centuries concrete mega-infrastructure visions isn't very effective - economically or environmentally. It's time for a new vision focused on developing and deploying new technologies.
Jeffhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10344751623916759400noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8236405782975490260.post-14016745609414345822019-10-07T15:38:00.000-07:002019-10-08T08:10:06.201-07:00Governor takes opposite approach to the NCAA and water interestsI have long been a LeBron James' fan, so I was happy to see Governor Newsom appear on his new talk show to sign a bill taking on the NCAA for its restrictions on college athlete's ability to earn money for their talents through endorsements and other means.<br />
<iframe allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/7bfBgjxVgTw" width="560"></iframe><br />
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LeBron praised the Governor for taking strong action in the face of political pressure to reject the bill and give time for leaders to negotiate incremental reforms. The Governor was lobbied heavily by college presidents and others. But the Governor thought a strong law was required to initiate real change as expressed<a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/01/us/college-sports-gavin-newsom.html?rref=collection%2Fbyline%2Finyoung-kang&action=click&contentCollection=undefined&region=stream&module=stream_unit&version=latest&contentPlacement=5&pgtype=collection" target="_blank"> in this interview with the New York Times</a>.<br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 19px;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 19px;">"Unless we force their hand, they’re not going to reform. If we just let them do it voluntarily, they’ll come up with some window dressing — a nice thing here, a nice thing there — but they won’t fundamentally reform"</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 19px;"><br /></span>
The Governor is taking a different approach on the environment and California water, encouraging plans and voluntary agreements while opposing strong regulatory (SWRCB) or legislative (SB1) actions by the state. If the Governor continues on this path, the outcome is likely to be just as he predicts "they'll come up with some window dressing - a nice thing here, a nice thing there - but they won't fundamentally reform"<br />
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<br />Jeffhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10344751623916759400noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8236405782975490260.post-59334406905499671712019-05-16T18:39:00.001-07:002019-05-20T11:17:10.739-07:00Mayor Steinberg's Self-Managed Pension Bond ProposalSacramento Mayor Darrel Steinberg has recently proposed issuing bonds (long-term debt) as a mechanism to protect much of the revenue from a recently passed sales tax hike from going to employee compensation, primarily the City's rapidly growing pension costs. <br />
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It's a bold and very risky strategy. <br />
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It is not unusual for Cities to turn to risky bond strategies when pension obligations squeeze their budget, but Steinberg's approach to the bonding is very unusual. Typically, city issued bonds to deal with pension costs take the form of pension obligation bonds - where cities issue large amounts of municipal debt and deposit the proceeds in their pension fund, such as CalPers, which invests the money to pay future pensions. Pension bonds are essentially a bet that the investments made by the pension fund will grow faster than the interest rate on the bonds. Borrowing money to invest in the markets is a very risky strategy. The outcome often comes down to market timing luck. Sometimes the bets succeed and sometimes pension bonds fail in a big way - like when Stockton issued over $100 million in pension bonds in 2007, contributing significantly to its 2012 municipal bankruptcy. <br />
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Mayor Steinberg is not proposing a pension bond. He wouldn't give the proceeds to CalPers to invest. Instead, he would use the bonds to solve the city's long-term pension/budget ills by making investments in the City that he argues would grow the tax base enough to both pay the on-going debt service of the bonds and the Calpers debt. Rather than gamble on the markets, he would gamble on his (and the City Council's) acumen in making investments in "inclusive economic growth" that would increase community prosperity and thus increase long-term tax revenue for the City. <br />
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I am calling the Mayor's plan a self-managed pension bond since the budget logic is similar. Rather than rely on outside investment managers, he is just putting himself in charge of a committee of investing up to $400 million in bond proceeds to achieve his civic and budget goals. He is arguing that he should be in charge of the second half-cent of sales tax revenue, even borrowing so the revenues beyond his term can be spent/invested today, because it would not exist if not for his idea and push to go for the larger tax increase. He believes he and the city council will make the right investments today that "change the economic arc of the City."<br />
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<a href="https://engagesac.org/blog-civic-engagement/2019/4/30/mayor-steinberg-lays-out-plan-to-make-sure-measure-u-funds-are-spent-on-inclusive-economic-development-not-pensions-and-salaries" target="_blank">Below are some quotes from when the Mayor put forward his vision a few weeks ago for how to spend the second half cent of the Measure U sales tax,</a><br />
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<blockquote class="tr_bq" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: brandon-grotesque; font-size: 18px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; overflow-wrap: break-word; white-space: pre-wrap;">
By the end of the five-year budget forecast, the city will owe CalPERS an additional $39 million a year to pay for pension obligations for existing city employees. We are also at the beginning of collective bargaining for nearly all of our city employees. Assuming modest wage increases, and we should always treat our employees with respect and real support, the additional outlay for the city will be at least $15-$20 million per year.<br />
“These numbers are easily verified. Add them together – the pension obligation and the low end of the salary increases -- and they total at least $54 million. ...“The second half cent equals $50 million. If we keep the second half cent in the general fund, every penny will go to pension and salaries.<br />
I will argue confidently throughout these next weeks that if I had not laid out a clear, inclusive economic agenda for the city in my first years as mayor, the city would have sought only to renew the original Measure U at half a cent, so there would not have been a second half cent to consider for pensions, or salaries, or basic services...<br />
“Since we pass only one budget at a time, and you cannot bind future city councils, there is only one way I know of to guarantee that significant resources will be dedicated long-term to the promise we made to our voters and to our neighborhoods. I will ask the treasurer to come back over the next weeks with a proposal to securitize $25 million a year from the second half cent. A commitment of $25 million a year for 25 years would allow us to create a capital equity fund of more than $400 million.</blockquote>
Jeffhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10344751623916759400noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8236405782975490260.post-52906028734241458912019-01-14T16:30:00.000-08:002019-01-15T10:14:01.529-08:00"$7 an acre foot? No way, it's worth more than $200 to you." If California is going to adopt voluntary agreements over the regulation of Delta water, the fish need a real negotiator. <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
Recently, the California Department of Fish and Wildlife (CA DFW) and the CA Department of Water Resources announced a voluntary agreement, negotiated in secret, as a proposed substitute to new regulations in the Bay-Delta Water Quality Control Plan that would limit water diversions from the environmentally troubled Delta.</div>
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While the negotiations were secret, I recently obtained a training video that CA DFW leaders used to prepare for the high-stakes negotiations with delta water diverters. (The yellow convertible represents the revised Bay-Delta plan that has been under development for nearly a decade.) </div>
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<iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.blogger.com/video.g?token=AD6v5dwpMFmgPqHOOQ_2RUxRBBdiMe77Ih_81emmofyBNuK-zvndMWLVzSzj2FvMiEU4QiGKZlHTQHP0uuqsZO7EFQ' class='b-hbp-video b-uploaded' frameborder='0'></iframe><br />
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O.K., that's a joke - but it isn't far off from the giveaway of the water quality control plan in this proposed deal, especially when it comes to the projects diverting from the south Delta (the CVP and SWP). It does not appear that the CVP/SWP have offered any water or habitat projects that are not already required by existing regulations or plans, and it proposes an $800 million subsidy from state taxpayers to the deal by redirecting water bond funds. As far as I can tell, the only new requirement on the CVP/SWP is some modest funding in the form of a $5 per acre foot fee to compensate upstream water diverters who may lose water supply in other components of the deal, and an additional $2 per AF for a science program they would control.<br />
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There has been confusion about whether the CVP/SWP contractors are actually giving up any water in this deal. For example, t<a href="https://www.fresnobee.com/opinion/op-ed/article223587165.html" target="_blank">his Fresno Bee op-ed by two CVP </a>executives, describes the CVP/SWP contractors as voluntarily giving up 300,000 AF for fish. However, many environmentalists dispute this characterization and argue that they could actually get more water under this deal than under the current, decade-old biological opinions that are supposed to regulate delta pumping. <a href="https://mavensnotebook.com/2019/01/10/metropolitan-water-planning-stewardship-committee-coordinated-operations-agreement-for-the-swp-cvp-voluntary-settlement-agreements/" target="_blank">In comments to the Metropolitan Water District (MWD) board earlier this week, MWD staff seemed to confirm the environmental argument that the 300,000 AF is nothing more than compliance with existing regulations according to this account in Maven's Notebook</a>.<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #111111; font-family: "raleway" , "arial" , "tahoma"; font-size: 15.2015px;">In the settlement that was produced for the December 12 briefing, [the parties] put forth a proposal that had ... a commitment on the CVP and SWP of 300,000 acre-feet, largely met by incidental flows that are met through export constraints that are in the current biological opinions, so basically committing to those dedicated flows that are in the biological opinions, said Mr. Arakawa.</span></blockquote>
Considering that this agreement is proposed to substitute for a new Bay Delta water quality control plan that would likely require the CVP/SWP give up 1.3 million acre feet of current average annual diversions to allow more Delta outflows for environmental benefits, this is an enormous amount of regulatory relief for the bargain price of $7 per acre foot (about $30-35 million in a typical year).<br />
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Thankfully, the State Water Resource Control Board (SWRCB) did not accept the proposed agreement, but it did encourage further negotiation to complete the deal. The environment and the fishing community deserve a stronger negotiator in the future. How would a better negotiator respond?<br />
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"$7 an acre foot, are you kidding me? You have told others that protecting this water supply from the new water quality control plan was worth $200/AF to you."<br />
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Why do I say that the water agencies value this protected water supply at 30+ times what they have offered? Because they have been pushing the $20 billion Delta tunnels (aka WaterFix) that would provide a very similar benefit after this 15-year agreement would expire. Water agencies have argued that the point of WaterFix is to protect 1.3 million acre feet of water supply from future regulatory actions like the water quality control plan. And they* say they are willing to pay $1+ billion in annual debt service to protect this water supply. Averaged across the roughly 5 million acre feet of water they hope to divert from the Delta in the future, this would be a $200 per acre foot charge on their diverted water. WaterFix would provide a few additional benefits to these water agencies, but this voluntary agreement would generate about 80% of the benefits that WaterFix would, according to the water agencies' previous economic analysis of WaterFix. Thus, the proposed voluntary agreement would provide about 80% of the annual benefits of WaterFix to SWP/CVP contractors for only 3-4% of the annual cost of the WaterFix. What a deal!<br />
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I am not opposed to a negotiated agreement, and have actually recommended a settlement with these elements in the past. In an October 2013 op-ed in t<i>he Sacramento Bee</i>, I argued that the State's economic analysis of the tunnels-oriented Bay Delta Conservation Plan supported the value of a negotiated habitat conservation plan, but not the Delta tunnels themselves. I argued that the State's own analysis showed that a habitat conservation plan with Delta exports in the low 4 million AF range with water agencies paying for the habitat measures was a better deal for all parties than the BDCP tunnels (now renamed the WaterFix).<br />
<br />
Governor Newsom supported the concept of a negotiated agreement as Governor-elect. If he continues this approach as Governor, he needs to install a much tougher negotiating team on behalf of the environment. Based on the WaterFix proposal, my suggested counter-offer is something like a 20-40% reduction from the proposed water quality control plan regulations, and a charge of $50-75 per acre foot of diverted water to pay for all of the costs of the non-flow habitat measures (no taxpayer bond funding would be required). Any funds collected in excess of the requirements to pay for the habitat restoration would be given to an independent third party to make grants for alternative water supply projects that would reduce demand for Delta water in the areas served by Delta exports.<br />
<br />
If the SWP/CVP water agencies want better terms, such as a lower fees, then the environmental negotiators should ask them to drop the twin tunnels/WaterFix plan. If they are unwilling to do this, then that is very revealing about their expectations for the tunnels. It shows the water agencies aren't actually willing to pay costs on the order of the WaterFix project just to "protect" their existing levels of Delta water diversions. If they will only pay at these levels to "protect" the water supply with tunnels, it suggests these agencies do not expect they will have to follow the constrained operations of the tunnels described in their voluminous EIR. Thus, it confirms the fears of environmentalists that the tunnels' large capacity would be used to increase diversions after they are built - regardless of any current promises not to do so.<br />
<br />
Not all environmentalists would be on board with a negotiation like this, as it does represent a concession on the environmental side relative to the Water Board's proposed regulations. In fact, some of my environmental friends criticized me back when I wrote that 2013 op-ed proposing a no-tunnel BDCP since it included some substitution of non-flow measures for flow measures. That is a scientific matter on which I have no expertise, but if there are no substitutes for flow at any level - then there probably is no point in negotiating at all.<br />
<br />
The bottom line is that if we are going to have negotiated agreements, the fish need a much stronger negotiator. If Governor Newsom wants to continue supporting an attempt at a negotiated deal, he must install better negotiators for the environment. <br />
<br />
-----------------------<br />
* Yes, I know the CVP contractors have not said they are not willing to spend that much on WaterFix at this time. But MWD approved financing the CVP share with expectation of being reimbursed by CVP in the future. Thus, they have collectively approved spending at this level to protect delta exports from this regulatory cut.Jeffhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10344751623916759400noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8236405782975490260.post-78283177612248147052019-01-07T17:09:00.000-08:002019-01-09T11:15:10.043-08:00The CVP "No Harm" deal for the Delta Tunnels does a lot of harm to MWD's business case for their $12+ billion investment.Why did the Central Valley Project want a <a href="https://www.restorethedelta.org/wp-content/uploads/No-Harm-Signed-3.pdf" target="_blank">"Do No Harm" agreement</a> about the delta tunnels?<br />
<br />
Last year, Central Valley Project (CVP) contractors made a rational and predictable decision not to pay their share of the WaterFix. To save the project, Metropolitan Water District (MWD) staff convinced their board to add a multi-billion dollar blank check to fill the enormous financial hole. To do so, MWD staff argued that the extra funding would allow them to receive the benefits that the CVP would have gotten from their investment. MWD staff did this with a highly speculative estimate of future water supply benefits from financing the second of the twin tunnels, the so-called "unsubscribed capacity". Last June, <a href="http://valleyecon.blogspot.com/2018/06/new-waterfix-financial-plan-is.html" target="_blank">I wrote</a>...<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="background-color: white;">"<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "times" , "freeserif" , serif; font-size: 15.4px;">when MWD staff is using this speculative no-tunnel baseline assumption to define the additional water supply benefits they will receive for the extra investment, <u>the additional water supply is water that goes to the CVP under current regulations</u>. Thus, in this unsubscribed capacity scheme, MWD staff is using this speculative future baseline to argue that financing the full WaterFix</span><u style="font-family: "Times New Roman", Times, FreeSerif, serif; font-size: 15.4px;"> will give them control of water supply that CVP currently diverts from the south Delta</u><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "times" , "freeserif" , serif; font-size: 15.4px;">... MWD board members should be very, very skeptical that it will actually work that way."</span></span></blockquote>
In testimony before the State Water Resource Control Board this summer, I presented the following estimates of average annual water deliveries (in acre feet) <u>derived directly from the information MWD staff presented to their board</u> in order to persuade them to commit additional billions from their ratepayers. The second line is the MWD staff scenario where CVP pays MWD to use all the 33% "unsubscribed capacity" and the 3rd line is the MWD staff scenario where CVP doesn't pay and the 33% capacity is utilized by MWD.<br />
<br />
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 156.55pt;" valign="top" width="150"><div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 96.4pt;" valign="top" width="104"><div align="center" class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">CVP<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 98.15pt;" valign="top" width="106"><div align="center" class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">SWP<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 107.4pt;" valign="top" width="112"><div align="center" class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">Total<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 156.55pt;" valign="top" width="150"><div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">No
Action Alternative<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 96.4pt;" valign="top" width="104"><div align="center" class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">2,115,000<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 98.15pt;" valign="top" width="106"><div align="center" class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">2,585,000<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 107.4pt;" valign="top" width="112"><div align="center" class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">4,700,000<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 156.55pt;" valign="top" width="150"><div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">CWF
(67% SWP/33% CVP)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 96.4pt;" valign="top" width="104"><div align="center" class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">2,094,000<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 98.15pt;" valign="top" width="106"><div align="center" class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">2,906,000<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 107.4pt;" valign="top" width="112"><div align="center" class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">5,000,000<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 156.55pt;" valign="top" width="150"><div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">CWF
(67% SWP/33% MWD)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 96.4pt;" valign="top" width="104"><div align="center" class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">1,665,000<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 98.15pt;" valign="top" width="106"><div align="center" class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">3,056,000<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 107.4pt;" valign="top" width="112"><div align="center" class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">4,721,000<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
The second line shows no water supply benefit for CVP compared to No Action. Comparing the first line to the last line where MWD pays for the CVP share shows that according to MWD staff, the primary effect of implementing WaterFix is to redistribute 450,000 acre feet of water from the CVP to MWD. The incentive of the CVP to participate in WaterFix is to avoid this potential harm. Thus, it's not hard to see why the CVP would want a "no harm" agreement regarding the future effects of California WaterFix (CWF).<br />
<br />
MWD staff would argue that a "no harm" agreement doesn't change their water supply benefit because under the agreement, they only have to compensate CVP for impacts that are attributable to the WaterFix. They would argue that the decreased CVP water supply is due to regulations on south Delta pumping that they argue are equally likely with or without the WaterFix, thus there is no problem. Are they right? <br />
<br />
To answer this, you should look at the official WaterFix documents, and ignore the sales pitch from MWD staff and other WaterFix proponents. That is certainly what a court will do. The "No Harm" agreement states that the WaterFix is described by the Final WaterFix EIR/EIS, and that document clearly states that the new OMR regulations and other more restrictive operating criteria are part of the WaterFix project itself, and are included as a response to expected environmental changes caused by operating the tunnels and the new north Delta intakes<u>.</u> As an example, here is a quote from the Final EIR/EIS<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">“These
newly proposed OMR criteria (and associated head of Old River gate operations) <u>are
in response to expected changes under the PA, and only applicable after the
proposed north Delta diversion becomes operational</u>." (note: PA stands for "proposed action" which is the WaterFix)</span></blockquote>
Thus, it seems pretty clear to me that the "No Harm" means the CVP can't lose any water supply as a result of these new regulations that are clearly defined in the EIR/EIS as an integral part of the WaterFix project. The agreement is not specific about how the CVP would be compensated, but it seems likely that they will have to receive water delivered through tunnels without paying for the tunnels. Thus, the water supply benefits to MWD will be significantly less than the MWD board was told when approving the extra billions.<br />
<br />
The "no harm" agreement also reduces the already remote chance that MWD will ever be reimbursed by the CVP for its investment in the second tunnel. The argument pushed by MWD and DWR<a href="https://valleyecon.blogspot.com/2018/03/the-wall-and-tunnels-multibillion.html" target="_blank"> that farmers/CVP would pay them back for the 2nd tunnel has always been as laughable as President Trump's claims that Mexico will reimburse the cost of his border wall</a>, and this "no harm" agreement makes it even more clear.<br />
<br />
In addition to this "no harm" agreement, the new coordinating operating agreement between the SWP and CVP could also greatly affect the water supply benefits of the WaterFix to MWD. Nine months ago, MWD staff described a "Master Agreement" with DWR that defined MWD's use and control of the 2nd tunnel, but that agreement still has not been made public despite MWD staff promises. MWD staff description of this "Master Agreement" was key to the MWD board's funding vote, but it seems to conflict with this new "Do No Harm" agreement with the CVP.<br />
<br />
The bottom line is that these new agreements appear to substantially reduce promised water supply benefits to MWD ratepayers while increasing their share of the costs. In order for the MWD board to fulfill their fiduciary duty to their ratepayers, they need to fully review the effects of these significant new agreements on the WaterFix return on investment and potentially reconsider their previous funding commitments.Jeffhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10344751623916759400noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8236405782975490260.post-13073598804734118212019-01-02T01:05:00.000-08:002019-01-02T01:05:17.012-08:00California population growth rate drops to all-time low: housing growth rate now exceeds population growthRecent estimates from the U.S. Census Bureau show California population growth has dropped to an all-time low of 0.4% in 2018. The U.S. population growth rate declined slightly to an 80-year low of 0.64% according to the Bureau. <u>California's pace of population growth is tied with Iowa, one spot below Indiana and one place above Wisconsin</u> - state's that are rarely compared to California when it comes to demographics or economics. This is the 3rd straight year California population growth has been slower than the U.S. even as job growth continue to exceed the U.S. average. <br />
<br />
As the housing crisis has worsened, it has become common for analysts, including me, to say that California is not building enough housing to keep up with population growth. That is no longer true thanks to the combination of decreasing population growth and slow, steady growth in new permits.<br />
<br />
Between 2017 and 2018, California's population grew by 158,000 people, and the state is on a pace for issuing permits for nearly 120,000 new residential units in 2018. Even with the devastating number of homes lost to fire this year, that is still enough to keep up with population growth. <br />
<br />
This is contributing to the flattening out of home values and rents that is currently underway. Of course, this doesn't mean that the housing crisis is solved - the exodus is largely driven by the pain endured by Californian's dealing with the housing crisis. California still needs to prioritize efforts to expand supply and reduce housing costs.<br />
<br />
<br />Jeffhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10344751623916759400noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8236405782975490260.post-90717269096551189772018-10-12T11:15:00.000-07:002018-10-12T11:22:58.109-07:00November 2018 Propositions: How I am votingThe November 2018 California ballot has 11 Propositions, most of which are focused on economic issues. Because of this focus on economic issues, the Center for Business and Policy Research included recommendations and analysis from myself and Associate Director Thomas Pogue (the guest blogger on proposition 7) in the <a href="https://www.pacific.edu/academics/schools-and-colleges/eberhardt-school-of-business/centers-and-institutes/center-for-business-and-policy-research/california-and-metro-forecast.html" target="_blank">economic forecast we released this morning</a>.<br />
<br />
This morning I took a look at the Democratic and Republican parties endorsements, and found that I agree with Democrats on 6 out of 11 Propositions, and agree with Republicans on 6 out of 11 Propositions as well. I guess that makes me a moderate. Interestingly, Democrats and Republicans agree on three Propositions (2-Yes, 3-Neutral, and 7-Yes). I disagree with both parties in one of these cases, Proposition 3, where I oppose and both parties are neutral.<br />
<br />
In general, bond issues have a lot more credibility when they go through the legislature like Propositions 1 and 2, and thus have been considered in the context of the full state budget. Voters should be highly skeptical of bond propositions that go directly to voters to seek public subsidies like Propositions 3 and 4. The enormous size of the water bond ($9 billion, 50% larger than the combined total of legislatively backed housing bonds) is a good example of the fiscal problems of special interest financed bond initiatives.<br />
<br />
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 276px;">
<colgroup><col style="mso-width-alt: 2932; mso-width-source: userset; width: 63pt;" width="84"></col>
<col span="3" style="width: 48pt;" width="64"></col>
</colgroup><tbody>
<tr height="19" style="height: 14.5pt;">
<td class="xl63" height="19" style="height: 14.5pt; width: 63pt;" width="84">Proposition</td>
<td class="xl63" style="width: 48pt;" width="64">CBPR</td>
<td class="xl63" style="width: 48pt;" width="64">Dem</td>
<td class="xl63" style="width: 48pt;" width="64">Repub</td>
</tr>
<tr height="19" style="height: 14.5pt;">
<td class="xl63" height="19" style="height: 14.5pt;">1</td>
<td class="xl63">Yes</td>
<td class="xl63">Yes</td>
<td class="xl63">No</td>
</tr>
<tr height="19" style="height: 14.5pt;">
<td class="xl63" height="19" style="height: 14.5pt;">2</td>
<td class="xl63">Yes</td>
<td class="xl63">Yes</td>
<td class="xl63">Yes</td>
</tr>
<tr height="19" style="height: 14.5pt;">
<td class="xl63" height="19" style="height: 14.5pt;">3</td>
<td class="xl63">No</td>
<td class="xl63">Neutral</td>
<td class="xl63">Neutral</td>
</tr>
<tr height="19" style="height: 14.5pt;">
<td class="xl63" height="19" style="height: 14.5pt;">4</td>
<td class="xl63">No</td>
<td class="xl63">Yes</td>
<td class="xl63">No</td>
</tr>
<tr height="19" style="height: 14.5pt;">
<td class="xl63" height="19" style="height: 14.5pt;">5</td>
<td class="xl63">No</td>
<td class="xl63">No</td>
<td class="xl63">Yes</td>
</tr>
<tr height="19" style="height: 14.5pt;">
<td class="xl63" height="19" style="height: 14.5pt;">6</td>
<td class="xl63">No</td>
<td class="xl63">No</td>
<td class="xl63">Yes</td>
</tr>
<tr height="19" style="height: 14.5pt;">
<td class="xl63" height="19" style="height: 14.5pt;">7</td>
<td class="xl63">Yes</td>
<td class="xl63">Yes</td>
<td class="xl63">Yes</td>
</tr>
<tr height="19" style="height: 14.5pt;">
<td class="xl63" height="19" style="height: 14.5pt;">8</td>
<td class="xl63">No</td>
<td class="xl63">Yes</td>
<td class="xl63">No</td>
</tr>
<tr height="19" style="height: 14.5pt;">
<td class="xl63" height="19" style="height: 14.5pt;">10</td>
<td class="xl63">No</td>
<td class="xl63">Yes</td>
<td class="xl63">No</td>
</tr>
<tr height="19" style="height: 14.5pt;">
<td class="xl63" height="19" style="height: 14.5pt;">11</td>
<td class="xl63">Yes</td>
<td class="xl63">No</td>
<td class="xl63">Yes</td>
</tr>
<tr height="19" style="height: 14.5pt;">
<td class="xl63" height="19" style="height: 14.5pt;">12</td>
<td class="xl63">Yes</td>
<td class="xl63">Yes</td>
<td class="xl63">No</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Proposition 1:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Yes.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>Proposition
1 authorizes $4 billion in bonds for various affordable housing programs.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The availability and affordability of housing
is a worsening problem across all of California, and is arguably the State’s
biggest economic challenge.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The cost of
developing affordable housing is extremely high in California, more than double
some other states, and thus the funding in this bond will not deliver as much
housing as it should.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>While it is
tempting to vote no until stronger actions are taken to reduce costs, the need
for affordable housing is so great that we support the bonds.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Proposition 2:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Yes.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>Proposition
2 authorizes $2 billion for housing programs for individuals with mental
illness.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It passed the California Senate
unanimously, and the Assembly 72-1.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This
bond deserves support, although we urge further actions to reduce the cost of
developing affordable housing in order to maximize the benefits of this
funding.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Proposition 3:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>No. </b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Proposition 3 would authorize $8.9 billion in
bond borrowing for a variety of water related projects, and creates an
unjustified subsidy from the state’s greenhouse gas cap and trade program for 4
designated water agencies supporting the bond, including the Metropolitan Water
District and Westlands Water District.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>While a portion of Proposition 3’s funding would go to needs that are worthy
of state public funding, the majority of Proposition 3 is terrible policy that
provides undeserved subsidies to special interests that represents California
water politics at its worst.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Since 2014,
the legislature and Governor Brown have supported over $11 billion in new water
related bonds in 2 separate elections, including the $4 billion Proposition 64
in June 2018.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Thus, most of Proposition
3 consists of poorly justified subsidies that couldn’t make it through a
legislature and Governor that have been very supportive of water spending. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In addition to the enormous size and weak
justification of the Bond, the hidden inclusion of an energy subsidy for water
agencies that divert and pump water uphill from the environmentally troubled
Delta is reason enough to vote no on Proposition 3.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Proposition 4:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>No.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>Proposition
4 would authorize $1.5 billion in bonds for children’s hospitals and was placed
on the ballot by a petition funded by an association of children’s hospitals
that would receive the subsidies.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>While
children’s hospitals are valuable institutions in California, funding them
through state general obligation bonds is poor public policy.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Proposition 5:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>No.</b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Proposition 5 would expand the property tax limitations from Proposition
13 for California homeowners over the age of 55, by allowing them to transfer
the lower property tax bill of their current home to any other home they
purchase in the state.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Proposition 5
would address one of the negative consequences of Proposition 13, inefficient
“house lock” that occurs since moving often triggers higher property tax bills
for homeowners because the new home is assessed at its current market
value.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Proposition 5 eliminates this
perverse incentive, and thus would have a positive effect.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Unfortunately, Proposition 5 solves a
Proposition 13 problem by further increasing the large tax burden inequities
embedded in Proposition 13.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Proposition 13 is inequitable because homeowners with
similarly valued homes pay vastly different property tax bills based on when
they purchased the home.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It conveys
large tax benefits on older homeowners who bought their houses decades ago, as
well as those who had fortunate market timing and bought during the dips of
California’s roller coaster real estate cycles.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The Executive and Associate Director of CBPR both bought houses in 2010
near the bottom of the market, and would likely benefit handsomely from
Proposition 5 in a few years as we become eligible empty nesters.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>While we would personally benefit from
Proposition 5, we oppose it because it perpetuates and expands Proposition 13’s
inequities and distortion of California’s real estate markets and local public
finance.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The “house lock” incentives
could be addressed by reforming Prop. 13 to reduce its inequities rather than
by expanding them.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Proposition 6.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>No.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>Proposition
6 would repeal gas and vehicle taxes passed by the legislature in 2017 to fund
transportation projects around the state.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>While we don’t generally favor tax increases and understand that the
high cost of motor fuels imposes a heavy cost burden on many Californians,
these taxes are an appropriate and fair approach to funding much needed
transportation improvements.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Fuel and
vehicle taxes are far more economically efficient than funding transportation
with general fund revenues (primarily income and sales taxes) as many
Proposition 6 advocates have argued.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Proposition 7. Yes.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>Proposition 7 would start a process that
could lead to year round daylight savings time (DST) with federal
approval.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The proposition would potentially end twice
yearly time changes and their associated disturbance to sleep patterns. While
the energy saving benefits of DST are questionable, increasing evidence shows
the sleep disruption from the time changes may be associated with a range of
social costs ranging from pedestrian, motor vehicle, and workplace accidents to
workplace productivity losses and declines in student learning. The
proposition’s adoption of year-round DST would also facilitate potential
increased consumer impacts in shops and restaurants as well as outdoor
recreational activities because of the extra-daylight.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Plus, if Tom were to recommend a no vote his
wife and son would combine their late-night and early morning preferences to
ensure he is sleep-deprived no matter what the time change.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Proposition 8.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>No.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>Proposition
8 would regulate prices charged by dialysis clinics based on the cost of
care.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In general, attempts to limit
prices by law reduce economic efficiency, reduce the supply of goods and
services and can have many unintended consequences.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Prop. 8 has been supported and funded by
labor unions seeking to unionize staff of dialysis clinics, and is opposed by
the owners of dialysis clinics, and many major medical professional organizations
in the State. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Proposition 9.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>“Three Californias” initiative was
removed from the ballot.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Proposition 10.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>No.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>Proposition
10 would greatly expand the ability of local governments to enact rent controls
on residential property.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Economic theory
and decades of research are clear that rent control reduces the quality and
quantity of rental housing over time, leads to an inefficient allocation of
rental units by reducing mobility and encouraging overconsumption of housing by
those who are able to secure rent controlled apartments.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>California’s affordable housing crisis is
severe, and the desire for rent controls to create some immediate relief and
cost savings for some is understandable.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>On the other hand, the many harms caused by rent controls accumulate
more slowly over time and the research is clear that it will do more harm than
good for California’s housing market in the long-run. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Proposition 11.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Yes.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>Proposition
11 would allow private ambulance companies to require their employees remain on
call during meal and rest breaks.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This
is current practice, but a recent ruling in a lawsuit requiring uninterrupted
breaks for private security guards, is expected to end the practice of on-call
breaks by ambulance companies.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Eliminating on-call breaks would significantly increase the cost of maintaining
current EMT service standards, requiring increased staffing that would raise
health insurance and local government costs. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Proposition 12.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Yes.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>Proposition
12 would require cage-free housing for egg-laying hens by 2022, and increase
required space for breeding pigs and veal calfs.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Interestingly, UC-Davis agricultural
economists have been silent on the economic effects of this bill after
receiving withering criticism and a lawsuit from the Humane Society over a
study of the costs of 2008’s Proposition 2, which increased space requirements
for hens but did not go as far as the current proposition to require cage free
production.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Economic studies have shown
Prop. 2 raised egg prices in California by between 50 cents and $1 per
dozen.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The cost of living index data we
collect for the Stockton and Sacramento areas finds that eggs are more than
twice the price seen in many other parts of the county, a much higher cost
differential than any other grocery product we survey.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Proposition 12 will likely further increase
the cost of eggs in California and its costs will be disproportionately felt by
low-income households.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>However, the
California cost difference will likely decrease over time as major retailers
and restaurant chains around the country have announced plans to shift to cage
free eggs that will change production methods across the industry.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Surprisingly, the most public opposition is
not from the agriculture industry or consumer activists, but animal welfare
activists who claim the Prop. 12 does not go far enough.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>While concerned about the cost to low-income
households, we recognize the legitimacy of growing animal welfare concerns and
that an industry shift is already underway.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Plus, if Jeff were to recommend a No vote, his wife and kids would have
him sleeping outside next to his backyard chicken coop.<o:p></o:p></div>
<br />Jeffhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10344751623916759400noreply@blogger.com0